Analysis of shared heritability in common disorders of the brain.

Journal: Science (New York, N.Y.)

Volume: 360

Issue: 6395

Year of Publication: 2018

Affiliated Institutions:  Analytic Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. verneri.anttila@gmail.com acorvin@tcd.ie bneale@broadinstitute.org. Analytic Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. UK Dementia Research Institute, University College London, London, UK. Cardiff University, Medical Research Council Center for Neuropsychiatric Genetics & Genomics, Institute of Psychology, Medicine & Clinical Neuroscience, Cardiff, UK. Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany. Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. Department of Computer Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, New Jersey, USA. INSERM U LabEx DISTALZ, Lille, France. Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan. INSERM U - Neuropsychiatry: Epidemiological and Clinical Research, Montpellier, France. INSERM, UMR , Bordeaux, France. Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France. Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine (CNRGH), Institut de biologie François Jacob, CEA, Evry, France. Department of Gerontology, Hôpital Broca, AH-HP, Paris, France. Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center and Dept of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA. Columbia University, New York, NY, USA. Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. Translational Genomics Research Institute, Neurogenomics Division, Phoenix, AZ, USA. University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA. Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. Center for Applied Genomics of The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA. National Alzheimer Coordinating Center (NACC), Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA. Rush Alzheimers Disease Center, Chicago, IL, USA. Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ, USA. Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA. Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA. College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA. Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA. Layton Aging & Alzheimer's Disease Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA. Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA. Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA. Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA. Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA. Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA. Indiana Alzheimer Disease Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA. Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA. Byrd Alzheimer's Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA. Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA. Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA. Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin, Ireland. Functional Genomics Center Zurich, ETH/UZH-Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge, UK. School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK. st and rd Departments of Neurology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece. Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK. Dementia Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK. Sorbonne University, GRC n° , Alzheimer Precision Medicine (APM), AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France. MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK. Institute of Prion Diseases and MRC Prion Unit, University College London, London, UK. Centre for Public Health, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, UK. Human Genetics, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham UK. Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany. Department of Neurodegeneration, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK. QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia. Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg University Hospital, Erlangen, Germany. Department of Psychiatry and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland. Division of Psychiatry, Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory,University College London, London, UK. Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK. Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. Fundació ACE, Institut Català de Neurociències Aplicades, Barcelona, Spain and Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain. Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA. School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA. Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands. Center for Translational & Computational Neuroimmunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA. Neurogenetics Program, Departments of Neurology and Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA. Department of Psychiatry, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany. Institute of Social Medicine, Occupational Health and Public Health (ISAP), University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany. Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, LABioMed at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA. Department of Neurology II, Kepler University Clinic, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria. Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Communication and Research Unit for Musculoskeletal Disorders (FORMI), Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway. Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. Illumina Inc., San Diego, CA, USA. andMe Inc., Mountain View, CA, US. Institute of Public Health, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany. Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands. Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany. Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. Institute of Human Genetics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany. Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center-Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland. Department of Ophthalmology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland. Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA. Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, Germany. Landspitali National University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland. Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland. Boston VA Research Institute, Boston, MA, USA. Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany. Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany. National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland. Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA. Kiel Pain and Headache Center, Kiel, Germany. Pediatric Neurology Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. Headache Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain. Danish Headache Center, Rigshospitalet Glostrup and University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Roskilde, Denmark. Estonian Genome Center, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia. Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany. Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands. Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. Netherlands Twin Register, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. Statistical and Genomic Epidemiology Laboratory, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK. Centre for Genomic Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong. Epilepsy Research Centre, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Australia. Quantinuum Research LLC, San Diego, CA, USA. Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ, USA. Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Universite de Montreal and Department of Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada. Neurogenetics Group, VIB-CMN, Antwerp, Belgium. Department of Neurology, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium. Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA. Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ, USA. NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA. Amplexa Genetics A/S, Odense, Denmark. Epilepsy Center/Neurocenter, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland. Department of Epileptology, University Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany. Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany. Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, London. Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands. Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA. Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA. Department of Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland. Danish Epilepsy Centre, Filadelfia, Dianalund, Denmark. Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland. United Christian Hospital, Hong Kong. Epilepsy Research Centre, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Australia. Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA. Department of Neurology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA. Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany. Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA. Department of Neurology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland. Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Institute of Neuropathology, Bonn University Medical School, Bonn, Germany. UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK. University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK. Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA. Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit-Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health University of Genoa, "G. Gaslini" Institute, Genova, Italy. Department of Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany. Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, UK. Department of Neurology, Admiraal De Ruyter Hospital, Goes, The Netherlands. Laboratory of Neurogenetics, G. Gaslini Institute, Genova, Italy. Institute for Genomic Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA. University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK. Department of Neurology and Epileptology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany. CWZ Hospital, Nijmegen, Netherlands. Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria. Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany. Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA. German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany. INSERM U, IRSD, Toulouse, France. Centre for Genetic Epidemiology, Institute for Clinical Epidemiology and Applied Biometery, University of Tubingen, Germany. Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK. Department of Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands. University of Lincoln, Lincoln, UK. Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia. University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia. Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milano, Italy. Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. University of Virginia Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA. Dept of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. Centre for Prevention of Stroke and Dementia, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Royal Holloway University of London, London, UK . University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK. Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Lisboa, Portugal. Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. Department of Neurology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland. Department of Neurology, College of Medicine-Jacksonville, University of Florida, Jacksonville, FL, USA. University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, UK. Genes and Disease Programme, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona, Spain. Department of Adult Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poland. Clinicum, Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Finland. Department of Adolescent Psychiatry, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland. Harvard Medical School/McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA. Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway. Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno,Italy. Eating Disorders Unit, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria. Kartini Clinic, Portland, OR, USA. Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit and Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK. Zorg op Orde BV, Leidschendam, The Netherlands. Division of Psychological & Social Medicine and Developmental Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Technischen Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany. Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry & Psychosomatic Medicine of University Clinics, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany . Altrecht Eating Disorders Rintveld, Altrecht Mental Health Institute, Zeist, The Netherlands. Medical Genetics Unit, Department SDB, University of Padova, Padova, Italy. UOC Genetica ed Epidemiologica Clinica Az. Ospedaliera, Padova, Italy. Department of Human Genetics, CHU Sart-Tilman, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium. Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, Cancer Center and M. Sklodowska-Curie Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland. Department of Psychiatry, University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland. Department of Psychiatry, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy. Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania "luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy. Eating Disorders Unit, st Psychiatric Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece. Aglaia Kyriakou Childrens Hospital, Athens, Greece. Eating Disorders Unit, Department of Psychiatry, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic. Medical University of Vienna, Austria. School of Psychology, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia. Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain. Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain. Departments of Psychology and Human & Molecular Genetics, College Behavioral and Emotional Health Institute, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia. NORMENT, Div. of Mental Health and Addiction, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway. NORMENT, K.G. Jebsen Center for Psychosis Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Norway. Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. McLaughlin Centre and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. Biopsychosocial Corporation, Vienna, Austria. Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria. Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden. Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA. School of Medicine, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, USA. Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience & Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA. BioRealm, Walnut, California, USA. Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA. Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain. Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addiction, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. Child and Adolescent Mental Health Unit, Hospital Universitario Mútua de Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain. Fundació Docència i Recerca Mútua Terrassa. K.G. Jebsen Centre for Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Norway. K.G. Jebsen Centre for Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Norway. Institute of Medical Informatics and Statistics, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Goettingen, Germany. Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK. Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany. Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. Department of Psychiatry & Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurobiology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia. Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Center of Mental Health, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany. Center of Mental Health, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany. School of Psychology, Cardiff University, UK. Central Institute of Mental Health, Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany. National Centre for Register-based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark. Department of Biomedicine and Human Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark. Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA. Department of Medical Informatics and Clinical Epidemiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA. Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA. Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil. Neurosciences and Mental Health Program, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada. Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada. Department of Psychiatry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA. Semel Institute for Neuroscience & Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA. ADHD Outpatient Clinic, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil. Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy. Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada. Stella Maris Clinical Research Institute for Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Pisa, Italy. Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Neuroscience Paris Seine, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Paris, France. Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA. LifeOmic, Indianapolis, IN, USA. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA. Child Developmental Center, Hospital Pediátrico, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal. Dept of Clinical Genetics, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland. Division of Molecular Genome Analysis and Division of Cancer Genome Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany. Inserm U, Psychiatrie Translationnelle, Créteil, France. Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA . Yale Center for Genome Analysis, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA. Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA. Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK. School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland. Department of Psychiatry, Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. Department of Psychiatry, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA. Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA. Center for Psychiatric Research, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Portland, ME, USA. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Robert Debre Hospital, APHP, Paris, France. Centre d'Etudes et de Recherches en Psychopathologie et Psychologie de la Santé (CERPPS), Université Toulouse Jean Jaurès, Toulouse, France. Genomics Medicine Ireland, Dublin, Ireland. McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany. Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. Division of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK. NORMENT, K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. Cognitive Genetics and Cognitive Therapy Group, Neuroimaging, Cognition and Genomics (NICOG) Centre, School of Psychology and Discipline of Biochemistry, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland. Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK. Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. Institute of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Bonn & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany. Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland. Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia. Unidad de Salud Mental, Hospital Regional Universitario de Malaga, Malaga, Spain. Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany. Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany. Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany. School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia. University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA. Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA. Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA. Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada. Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Canada. Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, Canada. Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience & Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA. SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA. University College London, London, UK. Hospital for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Cologne, Germany. Laboratory of Psychiatric Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland. Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada. National Centre for Mental Health, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK. Department Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia. Bela Menso Brain and Behaviour Centre, James Cook University, Varsity Lakes, Australia. Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia. Division of Psychiatry, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK. Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK. Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Institute of Neurosciences, Center for Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Granada, Spain. Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark. Child Health Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia. Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia. School of Psychology and Counselling, Faculty of Health, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia. Janssen Research & Development LLC, Titusville, NJ, USA. Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany . Research School of Behavioural and Cognitive Neurosciences, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands. Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA. Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research & Education, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada. Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada. Grupo de Genética Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia. Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. Department of Psychiatry, Sao Paulo Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Depto. Farmacogenética, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatria Ramon de la Fuente Muñiz, Mexico City, Mexico. Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen and University Medical Center, Groningen, the Netherlands. Ospedale San Raffaele, Milano, Italy. BioDreams Srl, Milan, Italy. University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA. Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands. Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA. Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. Centre National Maladie 'Syndrome Rare Gilles de la Tourette', Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France. Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands. Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA. De Bascule, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA. MRC Unit on Risk & Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA. Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA. Sección de Neuropediatría, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain. Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA. Yulius Academy, Yulius Mental Health Organization, Barendrecht, The Netherlands. Department of Psychology, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA. Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento, Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain. National Institute of Genomic Medicine (INMEGEN), Ciudad de México, Mexico. Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA. Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA. Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA. Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA. Division of Adolescent and Child Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland. Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Institusky , Moscow, Russia. Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA. Frederick W. Thompson Anxiety Disorders Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada. Division of Neuropsychiatry, University College London, London, UK. Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Technischen Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Unit (UPIA), Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of São Paulo, Brazil. Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa. Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece. Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium. Pfizer, Inc., New York, NY, USA. Department of Child Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland. Sorbonne Université, Faculty of Médecine, Paris, France. Butler Hospital, Providence, RI, USA. Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany. Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany. Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA. Clinical Research, Grupo Médico Carracci, Mexico City, Mexico. Escuela de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Medellín, Colombia. School of Nursing, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA. Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands. School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia. Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore. Assistance Publique - Hopitaux de Paris, GH Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France. Departments of Medicine and Psychiatry, School of Medicine University of Cantabria-IDIVAL, University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, Spain. Minerva Neurosciences Inc., Waltham, MA, USA. VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA. APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland. Neuroimaging, Cognition and Genomics (NICOG) Centre, School of Psychology, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland. Center for Psychiatric Genetics, NorthShore University HealthSystem Research Institute, Evanston, IL, USA. Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark. Department of Medical Genetics, Medical University, Sofia, Bulgaria. Department of Molecular Bases of Human Genetics, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia. Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Riga, Latvia. Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania. Institute of Mental Health, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore. Department of Human Genetics, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia. Hunter New England Local Health District, Newcastle, Australia. Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Center of Mental Health, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany. Centre for Neuroimaging and Cognitive Genomics (NICOG), National University of Ireland, Galway, Galway, Ireland. Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland. Philipps-Universität Marburg and Marburg University Hospital UKGM, Marburg, Germany. Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne & Melbourne Health, Victoria, Australia. Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, NorthShore University HealthSystem Research Institute, Evanston, IL, USA. Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia. Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore. School of Biomedical Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong. Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel. Departments of Psychiatry and Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London, UK. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA. School of Medicine & Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia. Department of Statistics and Applied Probability, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA. Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA. Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Social Genetics & Developmental Psychiatry Center, MRC, Kings College London, London, UK. Departments of Psychiatry and Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA. Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA. Division Biomedical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands. Department of Psychiatry and UF Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA. Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. verneri.anttila@gmail.com acorvin@tcd.ie bneale@broadinstitute.org. Department of Pediatrics, Nemours A.I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE, USA. Alexandru Obregia Clinical Psychiatric Hospital, Biometric Psychiatric Genetics Research Unit, Bucharest, Romania. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.

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