Abstract summary 

All over the world, people with sickle cell disease (an inherited condition) have premature deaths and preventable severe chronic complications, which considerably affect their quality of life, career progression, and financial status. In addition, these people are often affected by stigmatisation or structural racism, which can contribute to stress and poor mental health. Inequalities affecting people with sickle cell disease are also reflected in the distribution of the disease—mainly in sub-Saharan Africa, India, and the Caribbean—whereas interventions, clinical trials, and funding are mostly available in North America, Europe, and the Middle East. Although some of these characteristics also affect people with other genetic diseases, the fate of people with sickle cell disease seems to be particularly unfair. Simple, effective interventions to reduce the mortality and morbidity associated with sickle cell disease are available. The main obstacle preventing better outcomes in this condition, which is a neglected disease, is associated with inequalities impacting the patient populations. The aim of this Commission is to highlight the problems associated with sickle cell disease and to identify achievable goals to improve outcomes both in the short and long term. The ambition for the management of people with sickle cell disease is that curative treatments become available to every person with the condition. Although this would have seemed unrealistic a decade ago, developments in gene therapy make this potentially achievable, albeit in the distant future. Until these curative technologies are fully developed and become widely available, health-care professionals (with the support of policy makers, funders, etc) should make sure that a minimum standard of care (including screening, prophylaxis against infection, acute medical care, safe blood transfusion, and hydroxyurea) is available to all patients. In considering what needs to be achieved to reduce the global burden of sickle cell disease and improve the quality of life of patients, this Commission focuses on five key areas: the epidemiology of sickle cell disease (Section 1); screening and prevention (Section 2); established and emerging treatments for the management of the disease (Section 3); cellular therapies with curative potential (Section 4); and training and education needs (Section 5). As clinicians, researchers, and patients, our objective to reduce the global burden of sickle cell disease aligns with wider public health aims to reduce inequalities, improve health for all, and develop personalised treatment options. We have observed in the past few years some long-awaited momentum following the development of innovative point-of-care testing devices, new approved drugs, and emerging curative options. Reducing the burden of sickle cell disease will require substantial financial and political commitment, but it will impact the lives of millions of patients and families worldwide and the lessons learned in achieving this goal would unarguably benefit society as a whole.

Authors & Co-authors:  Piel Frédéric B FB Rees David C DC DeBaun Michael R MR Nnodu Obiageli O Ranque Brigitte B Thompson Alexis A AA Ware Russell E RE Abboud Miguel R MR Abraham Allistair A Ambrose Emmanuela E EE Andemariam Biree B Colah Roshan R Colombatti Raffaella R Conran Nicola N Costa Fernando F FF Cronin Robert M RM de Montalembert Mariane M Elion Jacques J Esrick Erica E Greenway Anthea L AL Idris Ibrahim M IM Issom David-Zacharie DZ Jain Dipty D Jordan Lori C LC Kaplan Zane S ZS King Allison A AA Lloyd-Puryear Michele M Oppong Samuel A SA Sharma Akshay A Sung Lillian L Tshilolo Leon L Wilkie Diana J DJ Ohene-Frempong Kwaku K

Study Outcome 

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