Novel genetic loci associated with hippocampal volume.
Journal: Nature communications
Volume: 8
Issue:
Year of Publication: 2018
Affiliated Institutions: Imaging Genetics Center, USC Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging & Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California , USA. Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands. INSERM Unit U, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France. Department of Neurology, Clinical Division of Neurogeriatrics, Medical University Graz, Auenbruggerplatz , Graz, Austria. QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland , Australia. Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Minor Avenue/Suite . Seattle, Washington , USA. Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands. MRC-SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE AF, UK. Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht, CX Utrecht, The Netherlands. Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada HA B. Department of Integrative Medical Biology and Umeå Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden. Department of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois , USA. Brain Research Imaging Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH XU, UK. Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales , Australia. NORMENT-KG Jebsen Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box , SE- Uppsala, Sweden. Dr John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, , USA. Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts,, USA. Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada MG X. Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain; G.H. Sergievsky Center; Department of Neurology. Columbia University Medical Center, West th Street, New York, New York , USA. Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana , USA. Cerebral Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada HH R. Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, Maryland , USA. IMN UMR, GIN, CNRS, CEA, University of Bordeaux, rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux, France. Biological Psychology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit & Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany. NORMENT-KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway. Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland , USA. Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany. Department of Data Science, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, , USA. Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, XD Nijmegen, The Netherlands. Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine of the TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany. Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany. Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts , USA. Department of Psychiatry, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany. UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom and Epilepsy Society, Bucks, SL RJ, UK. Center for Neuroimaging, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana , USA. Section for Experimental Psychopathology and Neuroimaging, Department of General Psychiatry, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, , Germany. Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH JZ, UK. Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands. Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, DK- Aarhus, Denmark. Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut , USA. Department of Psychiatry, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research and Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center/GGZ inGeest, HL Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, Convent Drive, Rm A, Bethesda, Maryland -, USA. Department of Neurology, Department of Anesthesia/Critical Care Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins, USA N. Wolfe St, Baltimore, Maryland , USA. Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, California , USA. Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, HV, The Netherlands. Division of Psychiatry, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH HF, UK. Reta Lila Weston Institute and Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WCN BG, UK. Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands. Department of Medicine and Psychiatry, University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria-IDIVAL, Santander, Spain. Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands. Psychosis Research Group, Department of Psychiatry & Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College, Dublin, Dublin , Ireland. Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, , USA. Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Melbourne, Victoria, , Australia. Multimodal Imaging Laboratory, Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, California , USA. Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, , Iceland. Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany. CIBERSAM (Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red Salud Mental), Santander, , Spain. Institut Pasteur, Paris, France. Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, RC, The Netherlands. GeneSTAR Research Center, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, E Monument St Suite , Baltimore, Maryland , USA. Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, RC, The Netherlands. Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, RB, The Netherlands. Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Human Neurogenetics Unit, UMC Utrecht, CG Utrecht, The Netherlands. Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California , USA. NORMENT-KG Jebsen Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway. NORMENT-KG Jebsen Centre, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Rostock/Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany. Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois , USA. Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois , USA. Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatric Research, Karolinska Institutet, SE- Stockholm, Sweden. Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania , USA. Lille University, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U-RID-AGE-Risk factors and molecular determinants of aging-related diseases, F- Lille, France. Academic Unit for Psychiatry of Old Age, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria , Australia. Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland , USA. Department of Psychology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts , USA. Department of Evolution and Genetics, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala , Dagestan, Russia. The Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, St Stephen's Green, Dublin , Ireland. Academic Medicine Research Institute, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, , Singapore. Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, , Singapore. Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany. Departments of Neurosciences, Radiology, Psychiatry, and Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, California , USA. Avera Institute for Human Genetics, Sioux Falls, South Dakota , USA. Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts , USA. Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, , USA. Department of Neurology, Bordeaux University Hospital, Bordeaux, , France. Neurology Division, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin , Ireland. Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts USA. Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway. Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Titusville, New Jersey , USA. Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Charité Mitte, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charitéplatz , Berlin, Germany. Department of Neurological Sciences & Department of Behavioral Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois , USA. Robertson Centre for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G DQ, UK. Indiana Alzheimer Disease Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana , USA. Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana , USA. University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas , USA. Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts , USA. Department of Radiology, St. Olav's Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, , Norway. Molecular Research Center for Children's Mental Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Osaka, -, Japan. German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, , Germany. Department of Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts USA. HMNC Brain Health, Munich, , Germany. Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany. Translational Genomics Research Institute, Neurogenomics Division, N Fifth Street, Phoenix, Arizona , USA. Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, , USA. Department of Psychiatry, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake -, Japan. Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota , USA. Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London WCN AR, UK. Department of Neuroinformatics, Araya Brain Imaging, Tokyo, -, Japan. Medical University of Lodz, - Lodz, Poland. Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, , USA. Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales , Australia. INSERM UMR "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry", Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot; University Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Maison de Solenn, Paris, , France. Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York , USA. Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland , USA. Department of ECE, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico , USA. Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland , USA. Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland , Australia. Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland. University of Liverpool, Institute of Translational Medicine, Liverpool L BX, UK. Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany. Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Departments of Physiology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada MS E. Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada TN N. Department of Developmental Disability Neuropsychiatry, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales , Australia. John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, , USA. Neuropsychiatric Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, New South Wales , Australia. Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University Graz, Harrachgasse /III, Graz, Austria. Biomedical Research Unit for Dementia, King's College London, London SE AF, UK. MRC Edinburgh Brain Bank, University of Edinburgh, Academic Department of Neuropathology, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, Edinburgh, EH SB UK. Neurocentre Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, FI- Kuopio, Finland. Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G SF, UK. Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California , USA. Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland , USA. Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California , USA. Department of Psychiatry and Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University Medical Center, ZA Leiden, The Netherlands. University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Neuroscience, AW Groningen, the Netherlands. Department of Internal Medicine and Geriatric Medicine, INSERM U, University of Toulouse, Toulouse, , France. Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College London, London SE RT, UK. Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, Neuroscience and the Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland , USA. Center for Imaging of Neurodegenerative Disease, San Francisco VA Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, California , USA. Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland , Australia. Laboratory of Epidemiology & Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland , USA. Departments of Neurology and Epidemiology, University of Washington, Ninth Avenue, Seattle, Washington -, USA.
Abstract summary
The hippocampal formation is a brain structure integrally involved in episodic memory, spatial navigation, cognition and stress responsiveness. Structural abnormalities in hippocampal volume and shape are found in several common neuropsychiatric disorders. To identify the genetic underpinnings of hippocampal structure here we perform a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of 33,536 individuals and discover six independent loci significantly associated with hippocampal volume, four of them novel. Of the novel loci, three lie within genes (ASTN2, DPP4 and MAST4) and one is found 200 kb upstream of SHH. A hippocampal subfield analysis shows that a locus within the MSRB3 gene shows evidence of a localized effect along the dentate gyrus, subiculum, CA1 and fissure. Further, we show that genetic variants associated with decreased hippocampal volume are also associated with increased risk for Alzheimer's disease (r=-0.155). Our findings suggest novel biological pathways through which human genetic variation influences hippocampal volume and risk for neuropsychiatric illness.Authors & Co-authors: Hibar Derrek P DP Adams Hieab H H HHH Jahanshad Neda N Chauhan Ganesh G Stein Jason L JL Hofer Edith E Renteria Miguel E ME Bis Joshua C JC Arias-Vasquez Alejandro A Ikram M Kamran MK Desrivières Sylvane S Vernooij Meike W MW Abramovic Lucija L Alhusaini Saud S Amin Najaf N Andersson Micael M Arfanakis Konstantinos K Aribisala Benjamin S BS Armstrong Nicola J NJ Athanasiu Lavinia L Axelsson Tomas T Beecham Ashley H AH Beiser Alexa A Bernard Manon M Blanton Susan H SH Bohlken Marc M MM Boks Marco P MP Bralten Janita J Brickman Adam M AM Carmichael Owen O Chakravarty M Mallar MM Chen Qiang Q Ching Christopher R K CRK Chouraki Vincent V Cuellar-Partida Gabriel G Crivello Fabrice F Den Braber Anouk A Doan Nhat Trung NT Ehrlich Stefan S Giddaluru Sudheer S Goldman Aaron L AL Gottesman Rebecca F RF Grimm Oliver O Griswold Michael E ME Guadalupe Tulio T Gutman Boris A BA Hass Johanna J Haukvik Unn K UK Hoehn David D Holmes Avram J AJ Hoogman Martine M Janowitz Deborah D Jia Tianye T Jørgensen Kjetil N KN Karbalai Nazanin N Kasperaviciute Dalia D Kim Sungeun S Klein Marieke M Kraemer Bernd B Lee Phil H PH Liewald David C M DCM Lopez Lorna M LM Luciano Michelle M Macare Christine C Marquand Andre F AF Matarin Mar M Mather Karen A KA Mattheisen Manuel M McKay David R DR Milaneschi Yuri Y Muñoz Maniega Susana S Nho Kwangsik K Nugent Allison C AC Nyquist Paul P Loohuis Loes M Olde LMO Oosterlaan Jaap J Papmeyer Martina M Pirpamer Lukas L Pütz Benno B Ramasamy Adaikalavan A Richards Jennifer S JS Risacher Shannon L SL Roiz-Santiañez Roberto R Rommelse Nanda N Ropele Stefan S Rose Emma J EJ Royle Natalie A NA Rundek Tatjana T Sämann Philipp G PG Saremi Arvin A Satizabal Claudia L CL Schmaal Lianne L Schork Andrew J AJ Shen Li L Shin Jean J Shumskaya Elena E Smith Albert V AV Sprooten Emma E Strike Lachlan T LT Teumer Alexander A Tordesillas-Gutierrez Diana D Toro Roberto R Trabzuni Daniah D Trompet Stella S Vaidya Dhananjay D Van der Grond Jeroen J Van der Lee Sven J SJ Van der Meer Dennis D Van Donkelaar Marjolein M J MMJ Van Eijk Kristel R KR Van Erp Theo G M TGM Van Rooij Daan D Walton Esther E Westlye Lars T LT Whelan Christopher D CD Windham Beverly G BG Winkler Anderson M AM Wittfeld Katharina K Woldehawariat Girma G Wolf Christiane C Wolfers Thomas T Yanek Lisa R LR Yang Jingyun J Zijdenbos Alex A Zwiers Marcel P MP Agartz Ingrid I Almasy Laura L Ames David D Amouyel Philippe P Andreassen Ole A OA Arepalli Sampath S Assareh Amelia A AA Barral Sandra S Bastin Mark E ME Becker Diane M DM Becker James T JT Bennett David A DA Blangero John J van Bokhoven Hans H Boomsma Dorret I DI Brodaty Henry H Brouwer Rachel M RM Brunner Han G HG Buckner Randy L RL Buitelaar Jan K JK Bulayeva Kazima B KB Cahn Wiepke W Calhoun Vince D VD Cannon Dara M DM Cavalleri Gianpiero L GL Cheng Ching-Yu CY Cichon Sven S Cookson Mark R MR Corvin Aiden A Crespo-Facorro Benedicto B Curran Joanne E JE Czisch Michael M Dale Anders M AM Davies Gareth E GE De Craen Anton J M AJM De Geus Eco J C EJC De Jager Philip L PL De Zubicaray Greig I GI Deary Ian J IJ Debette Stéphanie S DeCarli Charles C Delanty Norman N Depondt Chantal C DeStefano Anita A Dillman Allissa A Djurovic Srdjan S Donohoe Gary G Drevets Wayne C WC Duggirala Ravi R Dyer Thomas D TD Enzinger Christian C Erk Susanne S Espeseth Thomas T Fedko Iryna O IO Fernández Guillén G Ferrucci Luigi L Fisher Simon E SE Fleischman Debra A DA Ford Ian I Fornage Myriam M Foroud Tatiana M TM Fox Peter T PT Francks Clyde C Fukunaga Masaki M Gibbs J Raphael JR Glahn David C DC Gollub Randy L RL Göring Harald H H HHH Green Robert C RC Gruber Oliver O Gudnason Vilmundur V Guelfi Sebastian S Håberg Asta K AK Hansell Narelle K NK Hardy John J Hartman Catharina A CA Hashimoto Ryota R Hegenscheid Katrin K Heinz Andreas A Le Hellard Stephanie S Hernandez Dena G DG Heslenfeld Dirk J DJ Ho Beng-Choon BC Hoekstra Pieter J PJ Hoffmann Wolfgang W Hofman Albert A Holsboer Florian F Homuth Georg G Hosten Norbert N Hottenga Jouke-Jan JJ Huentelman Matthew M Hulshoff Pol Hilleke E HE Ikeda Masashi M Jack Clifford R CR Jenkinson Mark M Johnson Robert R Jönsson Erik G EG Jukema J Wouter JW Kahn René S RS Kanai Ryota R Kloszewska Iwona I Knopman David S DS Kochunov Peter P Kwok John B JB Lawrie Stephen M SM Lemaître Hervé H Liu Xinmin X Longo Dan L DL Lopez Oscar L OL Lovestone Simon S Martinez Oliver O Martinot Jean-Luc JL Mattay Venkata S VS McDonald Colm C McIntosh Andrew M AM McMahon Francis J FJ McMahon Katie L KL Mecocci Patrizia P Melle Ingrid I Meyer-Lindenberg Andreas A Mohnke Sebastian S Montgomery Grant W GW Morris Derek W DW Mosley Thomas H TH Mühleisen Thomas W TW Müller-Myhsok Bertram B Nalls Michael A MA Nauck Matthias M Nichols Thomas E TE Niessen Wiro J WJ Nöthen Markus M MM Nyberg Lars L Ohi Kazutaka K Olvera Rene L RL Ophoff Roel A RA Pandolfo Massimo M Paus Tomas T Pausova Zdenka Z Penninx Brenda W J H BWJH Pike G Bruce GB Potkin Steven G SG Psaty Bruce M BM Reppermund Simone S Rietschel Marcella M Roffman Joshua L JL Romanczuk-Seiferth Nina N Rotter Jerome I JI Ryten Mina M Sacco Ralph L RL Sachdev Perminder S PS Saykin Andrew J AJ Schmidt Reinhold R Schmidt Helena H Schofield Peter R PR Sigursson Sigurdur S Simmons Andrew A Singleton Andrew A Sisodiya Sanjay M SM Smith Colin C Smoller Jordan W JW Soininen Hilkka H Steen Vidar M VM Stott David J DJ Sussmann Jessika E JE Thalamuthu Anbupalam A Toga Arthur W AW Traynor Bryan J BJ Troncoso Juan J Tsolaki Magda M Tzourio Christophe C Uitterlinden Andre G AG Hernández Maria C Valdés MCV Van der Brug Marcel M van der Lugt Aad A van der Wee Nic J A NJA Van Haren Neeltje E M NEM van 't Ent Dennis D Van Tol Marie-Jose MJ Vardarajan Badri N BN Vellas Bruno B Veltman Dick J DJ Völzke Henry H Walter Henrik H Wardlaw Joanna M JM Wassink Thomas H TH Weale Michael E ME Weinberger Daniel R DR Weiner Michael W MW Wen Wei W Westman Eric E White Tonya T Wong Tien Y TY Wright Clinton B CB Zielke Ronald H RH Zonderman Alan B AB Martin Nicholas G NG Van Duijn Cornelia M CM Wright Margaret J MJ Longstreth W T WT Schumann Gunter G Grabe Hans J HJ Franke Barbara B Launer Lenore J LJ Medland Sarah E SE Seshadri Sudha S Thompson Paul M PM Ikram M Arfan MA
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Citations : Van Paesschen W. et al.. Quantitative hippocampal MRI and intractable temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurology 45, 2233–2240 (1995).Authors : 332
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Doi : 13624SSN : 2041-1723