Non-binary gender, vulnerable populations and mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic: Data from the COVID-19 MEntal health inTernational for the general population (COMET-G) study.
Journal: Journal of affective disorders
Volume: 352
Issue:
Year of Publication: 2024
Affiliated Institutions: rd Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Greece, Thessaloniki, Greece. Riga Centre of Psychiatry and Addiction Disorders, Latvia. Electronic address: vrublevskaja@inbox.lv. Pennine Care NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom; Core Psychiatry Training, Health Education England North West, United Kingdom. Electronic address: seri.abraham@nhs.net. Department of Psychiatry, Ludiwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany. Electronic address: Kristina.Adorjan@med.uni-muenchen.de. Child Adolescent and Family Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Section of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Facultad de Medicina Alberto Hurtado, Lima, Peru; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA. Electronic address: renato.alarcon@upch.pe. School of Medicine and Health Science, Institute of Health Science Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Japan. Electronic address: k_arai@shinshu-u.ac.jp. Department of Psychiatry, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria; Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria. IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Deakin University, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia; Orygen The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Centre for Youth Mental Health, Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health and the Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia. Electronic address: michael.berk@deakin.edu.au. Department of Psychiatry and Psychological Medicine, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia. Psychiatry Area, Department of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain; Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain. Electronic address: bobes@uniovi.es. Mental Health Center of La Corredoria, Oviedo, Spain; Department of Psychology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain. Electronic address: bobesmaria@uniovi.es. Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Groupe Hospitalier Nord Essonne, Orsay, France. Department of Neuroscience, Discipline of Psychiatry, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania. Clinic of Psychiatry, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Medical Faculty, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania. Mental Hub, Tbilisi, Georgia; NGO Healthcare Research and Quality Agency, Tbilisi, Georgia. Hospital San Juan de Dios Hospital, Guadalajara, Mexico. Janssen Research and Development, Johnson & Johnson, American Society of Hispanic Psychiatry and WARMI Women Mental Health, Cincinnati, OH, USA. Electronic address: rcastil@its.jnj.com. Institute of Translational and Cognitive Neuroscience (INCyT), INECO Foundation, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina; National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina. Electronic address: mcetkovich@ineco.org.ar. APM Board Certified in General Psychiatry and Neurology, Addiction Psychiatry, & Addiction Medicine, UPMC, DDAP, Philadelphia, USA. Department of Teaching and Research, Hospital Borda, Buenos Aires, Argentina; University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Clínica AngloAmericana, Lima, Peru. Electronic address: carla.cortez.v@upch.pe. Sanitaire and Social Union for Accompaniment and Prevention, Center of Ambulatory Psychiatry of Narbonne and Lezigan, Narbonne, France. Department of Mental Health, Psychiatric Service of Diagnosis and Treatment, Hospital "G. Mazzini", ASL Teramo, Teramo, Italy; School of Nursing, University of L'Aquila, Italy; Department of Neuroscience and Imaging, School of Psychiatry, University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy. Electronic address: domenico.deberardis@aslteramo.it. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Hospital Luis Calvo Mackenna, Santiago, Chile. Electronic address: szamora@calvomackenna.cl. Departamento de Fisiología e Farmacología, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil. Electronic address: alienista@ufc.br. Department of Psychiatry, Lokmanya Tilak Municipal Medical College, Mumbai, India; Desousa Foundation, Mumbai, India. Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, Section of Psychiatry, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy. IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Deakin University, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia; Orygen The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Centre for Youth Mental Health, Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health and the Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; University Hospital Geelong, Barwon Health, Geelong, Victoria, Australia. Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary. Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Cipto Mangunkusumo National Referral Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia. Psychiatry Department, Ankara Dışkapı Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands. Faculty of Psychology, University of Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina. Department of Psychiatry, Ludiwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany. Electronic address: Peter.Falkai@med.uni-muenchen.de. Centre of Neuroscience, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada. Electronic address: amf@queensu.ca. Department of Psychiatry and Narcology, Ryazan State Medical University n.a. academician I.P. Pavlov, Ryazan, Russia. State Budgetary Institution of the Rostov Region "Psychoneurological Dispensary", Rostov-on-Don, Russia. Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Sofia, Bulgaria. Medical Psychology, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy Department, Bogomolets National Medical University, Kyiv, Ukraine. "Villa dei Pini" Psychiatric Rehabilitation Center, Avellino, Italy; Psychiatric Studies Centre, Provaglio d'Iseo, Italy. Hospital Magalhães Lemos, Porto, Portugal. Department of Psychiatry, Medical Psychology and Drug Abuse, Kyrgyz State Medical Academy, Bishkek, Kyrgyz Republic. Faculty of Psychology, University of Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina. Electronic address: cristiangaray@psi.uba.ar. Department of Psychology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain. Psychiatry Area, Department of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain; Mental Health Center of La Ería, Oviedo, Spain. Electronic address: albert@uniovi.es. Specialty Training Section, Polish Psychiatric Association, Wroclaw, Poland. Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón De la Fuente Muñiz, Mexico City, Mexico. Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, USA. Electronic address: hgould@health.ucsd.edu. Department of Mental Health, Psychiatric Service of Diagnosis and Treatment, Hospital "G. Mazzini", ASL Teramo, Teramo, Italy. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Hospital Luis Calvo Mackenna, Santiago, Chile; Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile. Department of Diagnostic Imaging, University Hospital Saint Ekaterina, Sofia, Bulgaria. Forensic Psychiatry Unit, Abarbanel Mental Health Center, Israel. Faculty of Human Sciences, Education Bureau of the Laboratory Schools, University of Tsukuba, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Primary Care & Mental Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Public Health Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia. Electronic address: azreen@uitm.edu.my. Department of Public Health & Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Electronic address: sahadat.hossain@juniv.edu. Second Psychiatric Clinic, University Hospital for Active Treatment in Neurology and Psychiatry "Saint Naum", Sofia, Bulgaria. Okasha Institute of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt. Department of Psychiatry, Queens University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada. Electronic address: iftenef@providencecare.ca. Education Center, Mental Health Clinic No n.a. N.A. Alexeev of Moscow Healthcare Department, Moscow, Russia. Ministry of Health, Millenium Institute for Research in Depression and Personality, Santiago, Chile. Electronic address: matias.irarrazaval@minsal.cl. Department of Public Health Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia. Electronic address: zaliha@uitm.edu.my. National Mental Health Center of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Azerbaijan, Baku, Azerbaijan. Department of Psychiatry, Westchester Medical Center Health System, Valhalla, NY, USA; New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA. School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia. Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom; Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, United Kingdom; Pakistan Psychiatric Research Centre, Fountain House, Lahore, Pakistan. Child Psychiatry Department, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey. Department of Psychiatry, Lokmanya Tilak Municipal Medical College, Mumbai, India. Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden. Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, USA. Electronic address: shkoh@ucsd.edu. Psychiatry, Drug abuse and Psychology Department, Odessa National Medical University, Odessa, Ukraine. Occupational & Environmental Health Sector, Public Health Policy, Greece. Desousa Foundation, Mumbai, India. Department of Psychiatry, SKIMS Medical College, Srinagar, India. Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Groupe Hospitalier Nord Essonne, Orsay, France. Electronic address: e.malashonkova@gh-nord-essonne.fr. Department of Psychology, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan. Electronic address: Najma.iqbal@uos.edu.pk. Department of Psychiatry, Azerbaijan Medical University, Baku, Azerbaijan. Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy; Unicamillus, Saint Camillus International University of Health Sciences, Rome, Italy; Brain Research Foundation onus, Lucca, Italy. Electronic address: dmarazzi@psico.med.unipi.it. Department of Psychiatry and Psychological Medicine, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia; School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia. Electronic address: predstojnik.psi@kbc-zagreb.hr. Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, USA. Electronic address: stm@health.ucsd.edu. Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, USA. Electronic address: ggmejia@health.ucsd.edu. Dow Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan. Postgraduate Program in Psychiatry, National Autonomous University of Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras. Private outpatient clinics "JSC InMedica klinika", Vilnius, Lithuania. Department of Psychiatry, Queens University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada. Electronic address: roumen.milev@queensu.ca. Department of Clinical Services, Federal Neuropsychiatric Hospital, Kaduna, Nigeria. General Office for the Psychiatric Services of the Ministry of Health, Mexico City, Mexico. Department of Postgraduate Education, Russian National Research Medical University n.a. N.I. Pirogov, Moscow, Russia. Department of Community Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria. Sackler School of Medicine New York State American Program, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel. Electronic address: Mikanaor@mail.tau.ac.il. Clinic of Psychiatry, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Medical Faculty, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania. Electronic address: alvydas.navickas@mf.vu.lt. Compartment of Liaison Psychiatry, "Pius Brinzeu" County Emergency Clinical Hospital, Timisoara, Romania. Department of Medical Psychology, Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Kyrgyz-Russian Slavic University, Bishkek, Kyrgyz Republic. Department of Neuroscience, Discipline of Psychiatry, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania. Electronic address: papava.ion@umft.ro. School of Social Sciences, Hellenic Open University, Patras, Greece; Department of Internal Medicine, Nicosia General Hospital, Nicosia, Cyprus. Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; Clinical Department for Crisis and Affective Disorders, Institute of Mental Health, Belgrade, Serbia. South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal. Department of the Introduction to Internal Medicine and Family Medicine, International Higher School of Medicine, Bishkek, Kyrgyz Republic. Abarbanel Mental Health Center, Bat-Yam, Israel. Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia. Electronic address: norjannah@uitm.edu.my. Department of Psychiatry and Narcology, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia. Electronic address: erancans@latnet.lv. Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia. Electronic address: drsalmi@uitm.edu.my. Servicio de Emergencia, Acute inpatient Unit, Hospital Moyano, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Argentine Institute of Clinical Psychiatry (IAPC), Buenos Aires, Argentina. General Psychiatry Unit I, Greater Poland Neuropsychiatric Center, Kościan, Poland. Department of Psychiatry, National Autonomous University of Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras. Electronic address: elena.reyes@unah.edu.hn. Centro de Investigación en Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de San Martín de Porres, Instituto Nacional de Salud Mental "Honorio Delgado - Hideyo Noguchi", Lima, Peru. Electronic address: mriverae@usmp.pe. Psychiatry Area, Department of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain; Mental Health Center of La Corredoria, Oviedo, Spain. Electronic address: frank@uniovi.es. Faculty of Health Sciences, Anahuac University, Mexico City, Mexico. Department of Psychiatry, Escuela Nacional de Medicina, TEC de Monterrey, Servicio de geriatría, Hospital Universitario "José Eleuterio González" UANL, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico. Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia. Electronic address: annejosaw@uitm.edu.my. Cognitive Science and Artificial Intelligence Department Tilburg University, the Netherlands. Klinik für Allgemeine Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie Ost, Psychiatrische Institutsambulanz, Klinikum am Weissenhof, Weissenhof, Germany. Electronic address: p.schneidereit@klinikum-weissenhof.de. DY Patil Medical College, Navi Mumbai, India. Department of Psychiatry, Teine Keijinkai Medical Center, Sapporo, Japan. Mental Hub, Tbilisi, Georgia. Psychiatric Unit, Pambalah Batung General Hospital, South Kalimantan, Amuntai, Indonesia. Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Belarusian State Medical University, Minsk, Belarus. Saint Petersburg Psychoneurological Dispensary No, Saint Petersburg, Russia. Derbyshire Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, The Liasion Team, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby, Derbyshire, United Kingdom. Electronic address: sridevi.siramahalingappa@nhs.net. Department of Psychiatric Rehabilitation, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Poland. Psychiatric Studies Centre, Provaglio d'Iseo, Italy; European Depression Association and Italian Association on Depression, Brussels, Belgium; Bedforshire Center for Mental Health Research in association with the University of Cambridge, United Kingdom. Psychiatric Studies Centre, Provaglio d'Iseo, Italy. Health Policy, WHO Regional Office for Europe, Denmark. Electronic address: theodorakisp@who.int. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA. Electronic address: mtohen@salud.unm.edu. "Agios Charalambos" Mental Health Clinic, Heraklion, Crete, Greece; st Department of Academic Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece. Electronic address: emtsapakis@doctors.org.uk. Kabir Medical College, Gandhara University, Peshawar, Pakistan. Electronic address: d.tukhvatullina@smd.qmul.ac.uk. Kabir Medical College, Gandhara University, Peshawar, Pakistan. Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom. Electronic address: r.vaidya@newcastle.ac.uk. Facultad de Medicina Alberto Hurtado, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru. Electronic address: johann.vega.d@upch.pe. Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; Department for Research and Education, Institute of Mental Health, Belgrade, Serbia. Educational and Research Center - Ukrainian Family Medicine Training Center, Bogomolets National Medical University, Kyiv, Ukraine. International Centre for Education and Research in Neuropsychiatry (ICERN), Samara State Medical University, Samara, Russia; Department of Psychiatry, Narcology, Psychotherapy and Clinical Psychology, Samara State Medical University, Samara, Russia.
Abstract summary
The COVID-19 pandemic has brought significant mental health challenges, particularly for vulnerable populations, including non-binary gender individuals. The COMET international study aimed to investigate specific risk factors for clinical depression or distress during the pandemic, also in these special populations.Chi-square tests were used for initial screening to select only those variables which would show an initial significance. Risk Ratios (RR) were calculated, and a Multiple Backward Stepwise Linear Regression Analysis (MBSLRA) was followed with those variables given significant results at screening and with the presence of distress or depression or the lack of both of them.The most important risk factors for depression were female (RR = 1.59-5.49) and non-binary gender (RR = 1.56-7.41), unemployment (RR = 1.41-6.57), not working during lockdowns (RR = 1.43-5.79), bad general health (RR = 2.74-9.98), chronic somatic disorder (RR = 1.22-5.57), history of mental disorders (depression RR = 2.31-9.47; suicide attempt RR = 2.33-9.75; psychosis RR = 2.14-10.08; Bipolar disorder RR = 2.75-12.86), smoking status (RR = 1.15-5.31) and substance use (RR = 1.77-8.01). The risk factors for distress or depression that survived MBSLRA were younger age, being widowed, living alone, bad general health, being a carer, chronic somatic disorder, not working during lockdowns, being single, self-reported history of depression, bipolar disorder, self-harm, suicide attempts and of other mental disorders, smoking, alcohol, and substance use.Targeted preventive interventions are crucial to safeguard the mental health of vulnerable groups, emphasizing the importance of diverse samples in future research.Online data collection may have resulted in the underrepresentation of certain population groups.Authors & Co-authors: Fountoulakis Konstantinos N KN Vrublevska Jelena J Abraham Seri S Adorjan Kristina K Ahmed Helal Uddin HU Alarcón Renato D RD Arai Kiyomi K Auwal Sani Salihu SS Berk Michael M Bjedov Sarah S Bobes Julio J Bobes-Bascaran Teresa T Bourgin-Duchesnay Julie J Bredicean Cristina Ana CA Bukelskis Laurynas L Burkadze Akaki A Abud Indira Indiana Cabrera IIC Castilla-Puentes Ruby R Cetkovich Marcelo M Colon-Rivera Hector H Corral Ricardo R Cortez-Vergara Carla C Crepin Piirika P De Berardis Domenico D Delgado Sergio Zamora SZ De Lucena David D De Sousa Avinash A Di Stefano Ramona R Dodd Seetal S Elek Livia Priyanka LP Elissa Anna A Erdelyi-Hamza Berta B Erzin Gamze G Etchevers Martin J MJ Falkai Peter P Farcas Adriana A Fedotov Ilya I Filatova Viktoriia V Fountoulakis Nikolaos K NK Frankova Iryna I Franza Francesco F Frias Pedro P Galako Tatiana T Garay Cristian J CJ Garcia-Álvarez Leticia L García-Portilla Maria Paz MP Gonda Xenia X Gondek Tomasz M TM González Daniela Morera DM Gould Hilary H Grandinetti Paolo P Grau Arturo A Groudeva Violeta V Hagin Michal M Harada Takayuki T Hasan Tasdik M TM Hashim Nurul Azreen NA Hilbig Jan J Hossain Sahadat S Iakimova Rossitza R Ibrahim Mona M Iftene Felicia F Ignatenko Yulia Y Irarrazaval Matias M Ismail Zaliha Z Ismayilova Jamila J Jacobs Asaf A Jakovljević Miro M Jakšić Nenad N Javed Afzal A Kafali Helin Yilmaz HY Karia Sagar S Kazakova Olga O Khalifa Doaa D Khaustova Olena O Koh Steve S Kosenko Korneliia K Koupidis Sotirios A SA Lalljee Alisha A Liewig Justine J Majid Abdul A Malashonkova Evgeniia E Malik Khamelia K Malik Najma Iqbal NI Mammadzada Gulay G Mandalia Bilvesh B Marazziti Donatella D Marčinko Darko D Martinez Stephanie S Matiekus Eimantas E Mejia Gabriela G Memon Roha Saeed RS Martínez Xarah Elenne Meza XEM Mickevičiūtė Dalia D Milev Roumen R Mohammed Muftau M Molina-López Alejandro A Morozov Petr P Muhammad Nuru Suleiman NS Mustač Filip F Naor Mika S MS Nassieb Amira A Navickas Alvydas A Okasha Tarek T Pandova Milena M Panfil Anca-Livia AL Panteleeva Liliya L Papava Ion I Patsali Mikaella E ME Pavlichenko Alexey A Pejuskovic Bojana B Da Costa Mariana Pinto MP Popkov Mikhail M Popovic Dina D Raduan Nor Jannah Nasution NJN Ramírez Francisca Vargas FV Rancans Elmars E Razali Salmi S Rebok Federico F Rewekant Anna A Flores Elena Ninoska Reyes ENR Rivera-Encinas María Teresa MT Saiz Pilar P de Carmona Manuel Sánchez MS Martínez David Saucedo DS Saw Jo Anne JA Saygili Görkem G Schneidereit Patricia P Shah Bhumika B Shirasaka Tomohiro T Silagadze Ketevan K Sitanggang Satti S Skugarevsky Oleg O Spikina Anna A Mahalingappa Sridevi Sira SS Stoyanova Maria M Szczegielniak Anna A Tamasan Simona Claudia SC Tavormina Giuseppe G Tavormina Maurilio Giuseppe Maria MGM Theodorakis Pavlos N PN Tohen Mauricio M Tsapakis Eva Maria EM Tukhvatullina Dina D Ullah Irfan I Vaidya Ratnaraj R Vega-Dienstmaier Johann M JM Vukovic Olivera O Vysotska Olga O Widiasih Natalia N Yashikhina Anna A Smirnova Daria D
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Identifiers
Doi : 10.1016/j.jad.2024.02.050SSN : 1573-2517