Protocol for validation of the Global Scales for Early Development (GSED) for children under 3 years of age in seven countries.
Journal: BMJ open
Volume: 13
Issue: 1
Year of Publication: 2023
Affiliated Institutions:
Department of Mental Health and Substance Use, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland cavallerav@who.int.
School of Medicine, Keele University, Keele, UK.
Department of Women and Children's Health, Institute of Life COurse and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
International Education, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA.
Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan.
Research, Projahnmo Research Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Center for Public Health Kinetics, CPHK Global, Pemba, Zanzibar, Tanzania.
IPA Côte d'Ivoire, Innovations for Poverty Action, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire.
Department of Pediatrics, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil.
Shanghai Children's Medical Center Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shangai, People's Republic of China.
Department of Child Health, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research, Leiden, Netherlands.
Education Policy and Program Evaluation, Harvard Graduate School of Education, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
Center for Effective Global Action, University of California Berkeley School of Public Health, Berkeley, California, USA.
School of Public Health, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, Nevada, USA.
Health Promotion, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Public Health, Omaha, Nebraska, USA.
Department of Mental Health and Substance Use, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
International Center for Maternal and Newborn Health, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
Child Health Advocacy Institute, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Children's Medical Center Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
Social Protection and Health Division, Inter-American Development Bank, Washington, DC, USA.
Nutrition and Clinical Services Division (NCSD), International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Research Division, Public Health Laboratory, Pemba, Zanzibar, Tanzania.
Department of Developmental and Behavioural Pediatrics, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Children's Medical Center Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shangai, People's Republic of China.
IPA Francophone West Africa, Innovations for Poverty Action, Abidjan, Côte d\'Ivoire.
Institution Head, Public Health Laboratory, Pemba, Zanzibar, Tanzania.
Offord Centre for Child Studies, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
Abstract summary
Children's early development is affected by caregiving experiences, with lifelong health and well-being implications. Governments and civil societies need population-based measures to monitor children's early development and ensure that children receive the care needed to thrive. To this end, the WHO developed the Global Scales for Early Development (GSED) to measure children's early development up to 3 years of age. The GSED includes three measures for population and programmatic level measurement: (1) short form (SF) (caregiver report), (2) long form (LF) (direct administration) and (3) psychosocial form (PF) (caregiver report). The primary aim of this protocol is to validate the GSED SF and LF. Secondary aims are to create preliminary reference scores for the GSED SF and LF, validate an adaptive testing algorithm and assess the feasibility and preliminary validity of the GSED PF.We will conduct the validation in seven countries (Bangladesh, Brazil, Côte d'Ivoire, Pakistan, The Netherlands, People's Republic of China, United Republic of Tanzania), varying in geography, language, culture and income through a 1-year prospective design, combining cross-sectional and longitudinal methods with 1248 children per site, stratified by age and sex. The GSED generates an innovative common metric (Developmental Score: D-score) using the Rasch model and a Development for Age Z-score (DAZ). We will evaluate six psychometric properties of the GSED SF and LF: concurrent validity, predictive validity at 6 months, convergent and discriminant validity, and test-retest and inter-rater reliability. We will evaluate measurement invariance by comparing differential item functioning and differential test functioning across sites.This study has received ethical approval from the WHO (protocol GSED validation 004583 20.04.2020) and approval in each site. Study results will be disseminated through webinars and publications from WHO, international organisations, academic journals and conference proceedings.Open Science Framework https://osf.io/ on 19 November 2021 (DOI 10.17605/OSF.IO/KX5T7; identifier: osf-registrations-kx5t7-v1).
Authors & Co-authors:
Cavallera Vanessa V
Lancaster Gillian G
Gladstone Melissa M
Black Maureen M MM
McCray Gareth G
Nizar Ambreen A
Ahmed Salahuddin S
Dutta Arup A
Anago Romuald Kouadio E RKE
Brentani Alexandra A
Jiang Fan F
Schönbeck Yvonne Y
McCoy Dana C DC
Kariger Patricia P
Weber Ann M AM
Raikes Abbie A
Waldman Marcus M
van Buuren Stef S
Kaur Raghbir R
Pérez Maillard Michelle M
Nisar Muhammad Imran MI
Khanam Rasheda R
Sazawal Sunil S
Zongo Arsène A
Pacifico Mercadante Mariana M
Zhang Yunting Y
Roy Arunangshu D AD
Hepworth Katelyn K
Fink Günther G
Rubio-Codina Marta M
Tofail Fahmida F
Eekhout Iris I
Seiden Jonathan J
Norton Rebecca R
Baqui Abdullah H AH
Khalfan Ali Jamila J
Zhao Jin J
Holzinger Andreas A
Detmar Symone S
Kembou Samuel Nzale SN
Begum Farzana F
Mohammed Ali Said S
Jehan Fyezah F
Dua Tarun T
Janus Magdalena M
Study Outcome
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