Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition).

Journal: Autophagy

Volume: 17

Issue: 1

Year of Publication: 2022

Affiliated Institutions:  Life Sciences Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy. Johannes Gutenberg University, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Mainz, Germany. Medical University of Graz, Division of Cardiology, Graz, Austria. Pasteur institute of Iran, Department of Hepatitis and HIV, Tehran, Iran. Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle (Saale), Germany. Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Department of Biochemistry and Food Science, Rehovot, Israel. Danish Cancer Society Research Center, RNA and Autophagy Group, Copenhagen, Denmark. University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway, Department of Medical Biology, Tromsø, Norway. Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Research Unit; CIBERNED and Universidad de La Laguna, ITB, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain. University of California, Davis, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA. University of Toronto, Department of Biochemistry, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Medical University Innsbruck, Department of Medicine I, Innsbruck, Austria. University of Calabria, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy. National Institutes of Health, National Eye institute, Protein Structure and Function Section, Bethesda, MD, USA. Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Beer-Sheva, Israel. University of Alabama at Birmingham, Division of Nephrology and Birmingham VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, USA. Inflammation Research Center, San Diego, CA, USA. University of Palermo, Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Palermo, Italy. Cell Death Research & Therapy (CDRT) Lab, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB-KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium. Indian Institute of Technology, Ropar, India. University of Dundee, School of Life Sciences, MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, Dundee, UK. University of Texas Medical Branch, Department of Pathology, Galveston, TX, USA. Colby College, Department of Biology, Waterville, ME, USA. University of Maryland School of Medicine, Departments of Otorhinolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Baltimore, MD, USA. Universidad Mayor, Center for Integrative Biology, and Geroscience Center for Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile. Lund University, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Cell Death, Lysosomes and Artificial Intelligence Group, Lund, Sweden. Nihon University, College of Bioresource Sciences, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan. Koç University School of Medicine, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics and KUTTAM Research Center for Translational Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey. University of Crete, School of Medicine, Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Voutes, Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Foundation for Research and Technology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), Heraklion, Crete, Greece. The Institute of Cancer Research, Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Sutton, UK. Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, College of Pharmacy, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates. University of Sydney, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia. Insight Institute of Neurosurgery & Neuroscience, Department of Research, Flint, MI, USA. McGill University, Departments of Medicine and Oncology and Segal Cancer Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Technical University Dresden, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), Biotechnology Center (BIOTEC), Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Dresden, Germany. Universidad de Sevilla, Departamento de Psicología Experimental, Facultad de Psicología, Sevilla, Spain. Sapienza University of Rome, Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, Rome, Italy. The Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. University of Rajshahi, Department of Pharmacy, Rajshahi, Bangladesh. Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences, Islamic University of Gaza, Gaza , Palestine. Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada. University of Barcelona, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Barcelona, Spain. Cleveland Clinic, Department of Cancer Biology, Cleveland, OH, USA. University of the Basque Country, Instituto Biofisika (UPV/EHU, CSIC), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Leioa, Spain. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular "Dr. Héctor N. Torres", Laboratorio de señalización y mecanismos adaptativos en Tripanosomátidos, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires, Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Laboratory of Host-Pathogen Dynamics, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA. The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA. Buenos Aires University, Biochemistry and Pharmacy School, Deparment of Microbiology Immunology Biotechnology and Genetic, IDEHU, CABA, Argentina. Universidade do Porto, iS-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Porto, Portugal; IPATIMUP - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Cancer Drug Resistance Group, Porto, Portugal; FFUP - Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Porto, Department of Biological Sciences, Porto, Portugal. Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, CNRS, IPMC, team labeled Laboratory of Excellence (LABEX) Distalz, Valbonne, France. Islamic University of Gaza, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Gaza, Palestine. University of Pavia, Department of Drug Sciences, Pharmacology Unit, Pavia, Italy. University of Camerino, School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, Camerino, Italy. University of Porto, Faculty of Pharmacy, UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Porto, Portugal. Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy. Ohio State University, Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, and the Infectious Disease Research Institute, Columbus, OH, USA. Save as Ravi Manjithaya. University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. Aarhus University, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus C, Denmark. Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Neurology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA. Federal University of São Paulo, Department of Medicine, Nephrology Division, Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Smidt Heart Institute, Los Angeles CA, USA. University of Bologna, Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Bologna, Italy. City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Beckman Research Institute, Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Duarte, CA, USA. University of Tennessee, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Knoxville, TN, USA. Northeast Ohio Medical university, Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Rootstown, OH, USA. iNOVAHealth Chronic Diseases Research Center (CEDOC), Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal. Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing and CECAD, University of Cologne, Germany. School of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK. University of Helsinki, Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Helsinki, Finland. INSERM, U, Dijon, France. University of Valencia, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Valencia, Spain; CIBERehd (Centre for Networked Biomedical Research in Hepatic and Digestive Diseases), Valencia, Spain. National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Peripheral Nervous System Research, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan. Osaka University, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan. Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Hachioji, Horinouchi, Tokyo, Japan. Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Viçosa, MG, Brazil. The Jikei University School of Medicine, Division of Respiratory Disease, Departent of Internal Medicine, Tokyo, Japan. Newcastle University, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK. Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) and CIBERFES, Madrid, Spain. University of Seville, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Physiology, Seville, Spain. Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA. Howard University College of Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Washington D.C., USA. Tohoku University, Graduate School fo Life Sciences, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan. University of Michigan, Life Sciences Institute, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. Imperial College London, MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriolgy and Infection, Department of Microbiology, London, UK. Toulouse University, CNRS, UPS, Center for Integrative Biology (CBI), Research Center on Animal Cognition (CRCA), Toulouse, France. Iowa State University, Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Roy J. Carver Co-Laboratory, Ames, IA, USA. Universidad Nacional de Cordoba, Laboratorio de Oncohematología, Hospital Nacional de Clínicas, CONICET, Córdoba, Argentina. York College/The City University of New York, Department of Biology, Jamaica, NY, USA. Translational Genomics Group, Incliva Health Research Institute, Burjasot, Valencia, Spain; Interdisciplinary Research Structure for Biotechnology and Biomedicine (ERI BIOTECMED), University of Valencia, Burjasot, Valencia, Spain. University of Palermo, Department of Biological, Chemical and and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Palermo, Italy. Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Bronx, NY, USA. Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Orta Mahalle, Üniversite Caddesi No. , Orhanlı, Tuzla, Istanbul, Turkey; Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), Tuzla, , Istanbul, Turkey. Meir Medical Center, Translational Hemato-Oncology Laboratory, Kfar-Saba, Israel; Tel Aviv University, Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv, Israel. The Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Magdalenka, Poland; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Digital Health and Patient Safety, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria; Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria. University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Department of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Safar Center for Resuscitation Research and the Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. University of Nice, Mediterranean Center for Molecular Medicine, Inserm U, Nice, France. Imperial College London, Faculty of Medicine, London, UK. Departments of Pharmacology and Microbiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford, CA, USA. University of Turin, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Turin, Italy. University of Milan, Department of Health Sciences, Milano, Italy. Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, Department of Biology, Santiago, Chile. Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica Città della Speranza, Neuroblastoma Laboratory, Padua, Italy. CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Coimbra, IIIUC - Instituto de Investigação Interdisciplinar, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal. The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Edmond Safra Campus, Jerusalem, Israel. Tulane Health Sciences Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Sciences, New Orleans, LA, USA. Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience & Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia. University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Department of Geriatrics, Little Rock, AR, USA. University of Malta, Department of Physiology & Biochemistry, Msida, Malta. Kogakuin University, Research Institute for Science and Technology, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan. Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Departments of Molecular Pharmacology and Biochemistry, Bronx, NY, USA. Eastern Michigan University, Department of Chemistry, Ypsilanti, MI, USA. Hanyang University, College of Pharmacy, Ansan, Gyeonggido, Korea. Yonsei University College of Medicine, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Seoul, Korea. University of Massachusetts Medical School, Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, Worcester, MA, USA. Konkuk University, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Seoul, Korea. Ajou University, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology (RIPST), Suwon, Korea. Seoul National University, Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul, South Korea. University of Calabria, Department of Pharmacy, Health Science and Nutrition, Section of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, Cosenza, Italy. Adam Mickiewicz University/Faculty of Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Department of General Botany, Poznan, Poland. Iowa State University, Department of Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Ames, IA, USA. Kunming University of Science and Technology, Medical School, Kunming, Yunnan, China. National Jewish Health, Department of Academic Affairs, Denver, CO, USA. University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, San Antonio, TX, USA. Jadavpur University, Department of Mathematics, Centre for Mathematical Biology and Ecology, Kolkata, India. Karolinska Institute, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Stockholm, Sweden. University of Genoa, Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences, Genoa, Italy. University of Siena, Department of Life Sciences, Siena, Italy. University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Urbino (PU), Italy. Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Naples, Italy; Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA. Institute for Research and Technology in Food and Agriculture (IRTA), Animal Breeding and Genetics Programme, Caldes de Montbui, Spain. Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany. UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Reta Lila Weston Institute, London, UK. Middle East Technical University, Department of Biological Sciences, Ankara, Turkey. University of Miami, Department of Surgery and Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miami, FL, USA. Université Côte D'Azur, CNRS, Inserm, Institut de Biologie Valrose, Nice, France. School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China. Universidade de São Paulo. Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Sao Paulo, Brazil. University of Bologna, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Bologna, Italy. University of Rome Tor Vergata, Department of Biology, Rome, Italy; Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Fondazione Santa Lucia, Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Rome, Italy. Edinburgh Napier University, School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh, UK. University of Michigan, Department of Neurology, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. Pulmonology Department, Hospital del Mar-IMIM, Pompeu Fabra University, CIBERES, Barcelona, Spain. University of Limerick, Department of Biological Sciences, Limerick, Ireland; University of Limerick, Health Research Institute, Limerick, Ireland. Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark. Rice University, Department of Biosciences, Houston, TX, USA. Columbia University, Department of Medicine, New York, NY, USA. Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, and Neuroscience Unit, Autophagy Laboratory, Jakkur, Bangalore, India. ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, FMD Vaccine Research Laboratory, Bengaluru, India. The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Houston, TX, USA. University of North Texas Health Science Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Genetics, Fort Worth, TX, USA. University of Louvain, Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology (LIBST), Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium. Trinity College Dublin, School of Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Dublin, Ireland. Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM UMR, Hôpital Le Kremlin Bicêtre, rue du Général Leclerc, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France. University of South Carolina Upstate, Spartanburg, SC, USA. Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France. Francis Crick Institute, London, UK; UCL, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK. Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm U, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France. Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, ES UPPA, INRAE, NUMEA, Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France. University of Sao Paulo, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil. Emory University School of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipids, Atlanta, GA, USA. University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, PENN Center for Pulmonary Biology, Lung Epithelial Biology Laboratories, Philadelphia, PA, USA. Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane Australia. Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology, München, Germany. Hannover Medical School, Department for Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Hannover, Germany. University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Rome, Italy. Tufts University, USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Laboratory for Nutrition and Vision Research, Boston, MA, USA. Bar-Ilan University, Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Safed, Israel. University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Institute of Pathobiochemistry, Mainz, Germany. Boston University, Metcalf Science Center, Boston, MA, USA. Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire des Eucaryotes, Paris, France. Italian Liver Foundation, Trieste, Italy. University of Rome "Sapienza", Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy. Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-CNB-CSIC, Madrid, Spain. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Departamento de Biología Molecular, Madrid, Spain. University of São Paulo, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pathophysiology, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Universidad Mayor, Center for Integrative Biology, Santiago, Chile. University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center/Stephenson Cancer Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Section of Gynecologic Oncology, Oklahoma City, OK, USA. UMR "Biotechnology and cellular signaling", CNRS, Illkirch, France. Washington University in Saint Louis, School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Saint Louis MO, USA. Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Madrid, Spain. Hopwood Centre for Neurobiology, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia. University of Copenhagen, Department of Biology, Copenhagen, Denmark. University of Lausanne Hospital and Lausanne University, Institute of Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Lausanne, Switzerland. Queen Mary University of London, Blizard Institute, Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, London, UK. University of Cologne and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine, Cologne, Germany. University of Massachusetts Medical School, Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology (MCCB), Worcester, MA, USA. Magna Graecia University, Department of Health Sciences, Catanzaro, Italy. Université Paris Descartes, Institut Cochin, INSERM U, CNRS UMR, Paris, France. CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire UMR, Villenave d'Ornon, Bordeaux, France; Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire UMR, Villenave d'Ornon, Bordeaux, France. Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Département de Biologie Médicale, Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada. University of Michigan, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. University of Montpellier, CNRS/UMR LPHI, Montpellier, France. Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK. Ghent University, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium. University of Oxford, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Oxford, UK. University of New Mexico, Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Department of Neurology, Albuquerque, NM, USA. Comenius University, Department of Biochemistry, Bratislava, Slovakia. University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oklahoma City, OK, USA. Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Nashville, TN, USA. Department of Biophysics, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India. Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Shreveport, LA, USA. National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Department of Life Science, Cancer and Cell Death Laboratory, Rourkela, Odisha, India. Michigan Technological University, Department of Chemistry, Houghton, MI, USA. Dalian Medical University, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian, China. Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW, Sydney, Australia. Eötvös Loránd University (ELTE), Department of Genetics, Budapest, Hungary. Federal University of São Paulo, Department of Pharmacology, Paulista School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil. University Hospital of North Norway, The Heart and Lung Clinic; University of Tromso-The Artic University of Norway, Department of Clinical Medicine, Tromso, Norway. Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Trondheim, Norway. University of York, Department of Biology, Heslington, UK. University of Valencia, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Valencia, Spain; CIBERehd, Valencia, Spain. University of Lodz, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Lodz, Poland. Linköping University, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Linköping, Sweden. Karolinska Institutet, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Stockholm, Sweden AND Karolinska University Hospital, Pediatric Oncology, Stockholm, Sweden. Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indianapolis, IN, USA. St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Department of Immunology, Memphis, TN, USA. University of Zagreb, School of Medicine, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, Zagreb, Croatia. University of Pennsylvania, Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, USA. Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia. University College Cork, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, County Cork, Ireland. INMG, INSERM, CNRS, University of Lyon, Lyon, France. University of Padova, Department of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy. Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France. National Institutes of Health, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Neurosciences and Cellular and Structural Biology Division (NCSBD), Bethesda, MD, USA. West Virginia University, Department of Surgery, Morgantown, WV, USA. The Open University, School of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, Milton Keynes, UK. University of Rome Tor Vergata, Department of Biology, Rome, Italy. Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Freiburg, Germany. University Children's Hospital Zurich, Children's Research Center and Department of Oncology, Zurich, Switzerland. University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Leukemia, Houston, TX, USA. Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Cleveland, OH, USA; InterRayBio, LLC, Baltimore, MD, USA. Washington State University, Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Pullman, WA, USA. University Santiago de Compostela, Department of Pharmacology, Veterinary Faculty, Lugo, Spain. Baylor College of Medicine, Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute and Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Houston, TX, USA. Université de Paris, PARCC, INSERM, Paris, France. University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Birmingham, AL, USA. Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Bronx, NY, USA. Medical University of Graz, Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Aging, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Graz, Austria. University Paris , UMR_S Inserm; University of Paris, Bobigny, France. Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Department of Molecular Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden. Stanford University, Department of Chemical & Systems Biology, Stanford, CA, USA. Imperial College London, Department of Life Sciences, London, UK. The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, Center for Vector Biology and Zoonotic Diseases, Department of Environmental Sciences, New Haven, CT, USA. Goethe University, University Hospital, University Cancer Center Frankfurt (UCT), Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, Frankfurt, Germany. Danube Private University, Department of Medicine/Dental Medicine, Krems/Donau, Austria. Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Göttingen, Germany. Universidad de Chile, Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos (INTA), Santiago, Chile. Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM U, Paris, France. University Côte d'Azur (UCA), Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging of Nice (IRCAN), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U, Nice, France. Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Eye and Nutrition Research Group, Dijon, France. National Autonomous University of Mexico, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Biology, Mexico city, Mexico. University of California San Francisco, Department of Medicine, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and TraumaCenter, San Francisco, CA, USA. University of Copenhagen, Department of Biology, Denmark. University of Pittsburgh, Department of Biological Sciences, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA. Department of Human Genetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA. David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Department of Neurology, Los Angeles, CA, USA. University of Colorado, AMC, Department of Pharmacology, Aurora, CO, USA. University of Minnesota, Hormel Institute, Austin, MN, USA. University of Sao Paulo, School of Physical Education and Sport, Cellular and Molecular Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil. Hospital for Sick Children, Cell Biology Program, Toronto, ON, Canada. University of Insubria, Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, Varese, Italy. Monash University, School of Biological Sciences, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. University of Salento, Dept of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, Lecce, Italy. Institut Pasteur, Biologie des Bactéries Intracellulaires and CNRS UMR , Paris, France. University of Pittsburgh, Aging Institute, Department of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. University Duisburg-Essen, Essen University Hospital, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Essen, Germany; Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany. Thomas Jefferson University, Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Philadelphia, PA, USA. Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA. University of Arizona, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Tucson, AZ, USA. University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA. Montana BioAg. Inc. Missoula, MT, USA. Universidad de Chile, Facultad de Odontología, Autophagy Research Center (ARC), Santiago, Chile. KU Leuven, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Campus Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium. University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Department of Medical Genetics, Craiova, Romania. King's College London, School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, The Rayne Institute, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK. University of Cordoba, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Córdoba, Spain. The Rockefeller University, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, New York, NY, USA. Stockholm University, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Stockholm, Sweden. University of Verona, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Biological Chemistry Section, Verona, Italy. Departmento de Biología Celular e Histología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB)-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Cell Biology, Fibrosis Lab, Mexico City, Mexico. New York University School of Medicine, Skirball Institute and Department of Microbiology, New York, NY, USA. Wenzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and the Eye Hospital, Wenzhou, China. University of Louisville, Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Louisville, KY, USA. Rutgers University, The State University of New Jersey, Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Piscataway, NJ, USA. University of Barcelona, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, and Network Center for Biomedical Research in Pathophysiology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Barcelona, Spain. University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Department of Physical Education and Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Department of Physical Performance, Oslo, Norway. University of Alabama, Department of Biological Sciences, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA. University of Georgia, Department of Kinesiology, Athens, GA, USA. Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "Agostino Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy. University of Zaragoza, Faculty of Veterinary-IIS Aragón, IA-CITA, CIBERNED, Laboratory of Genetics and Biochemistry (LAGENBIO), Zaragoza, Spain. University of São Paulo, Department of Immunology, Laboratory of Transplantation Immunobiology, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. CNRS, Institut Curie, Paris, France. University of Bordeaux, CNRS, IBGC, UMR , Bordeaux, France. University of London, The Royal Veterinary College, Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, UCL Consortium for Mitochondrial Research, London, UK. Loyola University, Stritch School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago, IL, USA. University of Ottawa, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences and Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Host-Microbe Interactions Laboratory, Ottawa, ON, Canada. University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Department of Biology, Rome, Italy. Università di Sassari, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Sassari, Italy. Université Côte d'Azur, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, CEA/DRF/BIAM, Faculté de Médecine, UMR E- TIRO-MATOs, Nice, France. Universidad San Sebastián, Centro de Biología Celular y Biomedicina (CEBICEM), Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Santiago, Chile. University of Toronto, Sinai Health System, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. IRBLleida-University of Lleida,Department of Experimental Medicine, Lleida, Spain. Xiamen University School of Medicine, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health Research, Xiang'an, Xiamen, China. University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Department of Precision Medicine, Naples, Italy; Institute of Genetic Research, Biogem scarl, Laboratory of Molecular and Precision Oncology, Ariano Irpino (AV), Italy. Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC), Sergas, Universidade da Coruña (UDC), A Coruña, Spain. University of Wisconsin, Department of Surgery, Madison, WI, USA. University of Geneva, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Switzerland. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Institute of Biotechnology, Plant Molecular Biology Department, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México. University of Coimbra, Faculty of Medicine and CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Coimbra, Portugal. University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ, USA. Université Côte d'Azur, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, CEA/DRF/Institut Frédéric Joliot, Faculté de Médecine, UMR E- TIRO-MATOs, Nice, France. Trev and Joyce Deeley Research Centre, BC Cancer, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. University of Graz, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, Graz, Austria. Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Institute of Microbiology, Department of Immunology, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Polytechnic University of Marche, Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Ancona, Italy. University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Modena, Italy. Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), INSERM U, CNRS UMR, Aix-Marseille Université U, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, Marseille, France. Functional Genomics of Cardiomyopathies, Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany. University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Medicine, Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Birmingham VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, USA. Universidade de Lisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Lisboa, Portugal. Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LISM, Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Institute of Neuroscience, Barcelona, Spain. Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Department of Biological Chemistry; Networking Biomedical Research Centre on Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBER-EHD), Barcelona, Spain. University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, USA. Universidad de Valparaíso, Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Laboratory of Molecular Sensors, Valparaíso, Chile. Complutense University, Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias San Carlos (IdISSC), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, Madrid, Spain. Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM U, Team "Metabolism, Cancer & Immunity", Paris, France; Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Villejuif, France. Division of Medical Genetics, Fondazione IRCCS-Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy. Universidad de Concepción, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Concepción, Chile. Universidad de La Laguna, Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas, Tenerife, Spain. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Instituto de Fisiologia Celular, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, México. The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Molecular Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA. University of Coimbra, Portugal, CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology & Faculty of Pharmacy, Coimbra, Portugal. University of Pisa, Interdepartmental Research Centre on Biology and Pathology of Aging, Pisa, Italy. University of Innsbruck, Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, Department of Molecular Biology, Innsbruck, Austria. Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, Telomerase, Cancer and Aging Group, Surgical Department, Murcia, Spain. Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, Priority Area Infections, Division Cellular Microbiology, Borstel, Germany. Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease (CARD), Cell Stress and Survival Unit, Copenhagen, Denmark; IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatric Hemato-Oncology and Cell and Gene therapy, Rome, Italy; University of Rome Tor Vergata, Department of Biology, Rome, Italy. Medical University of Bialystok, Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Bialystok, Poland. Ospedale San Raffaele and Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, Milano, Italy. Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Madrid, Spain; CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain. University of Minho, School of Medicine, Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), Braga, Portugal. Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Department of Morphology and Genetics, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. University of Tuscia, Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food, and Forest systems (DIBAF), Viterbo, Italy. Ege University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biology, Izmir, Turkey. School of Pharmacy, Jeonbuk National University, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea. Karolinska Institutet, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Stockholm, Sweden. Kaohsiung Medical University, Department of Pathology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan. University of Calcutta, Department of Biotechnology and Dr. B.C. Guha Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Kolkata, India. Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Biophysics & Structural Genomics Division, HBNI, Kolkata, India. Ehime University, Department of Aquatic Life Sciences, Ainan, Ehime, Japan. Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Giessen, Germany. The University of Hong Kong, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hong Kong, China. Queen's University, Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Kingston, Ontario, Canada. The Chinese University of Hong Kong, School of Life Sciences, Shatin N.T., Hong Kong, China. The Chinese University of Hong Kong, School of Biomedical Sciences, Hong Kong, China. The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Hong Kong, China. Tulane University School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, New Orleans, LA, USA. National Cheng Kung University, College of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tainan, Taiwan. University of California, Berkeley, Department of Molecular Biology and Cell Biology, Berkeley, CA, USA; University of California, Berkeley, California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, Berkeley, CA, USA. National University of Singapore, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, Singapore. Southeast University, School of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China. University of East Anglia, School of Biological Sciences, Norwich Research Park, UK. Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), INSERM U, CNRS UMR, University of Strasbourg, Illkirch, France. NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Complex Analysis Group, Faridabad, India. Banaras Hindu University, Institute of Science, Department of Zoology, Lanka, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India. University of Washington, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA. Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India. UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK. National Cheng Kung University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tainan, Taiwan. Academia Sinica, Institute of Biological Chemistry, Taipei, Taiwan. University of Southern California, Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Los Angeles, CA, USA. University of Minnesota Medical School, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Minneapolis, MN, USA. Qingdao University, Institute of Brain Science and Disease, Qingdao, Shandong, China. Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Daping Hospital, Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Laboratory for the Prevention and Rehabilitation of Training Related Injuries, Chongqing, China. Third Military Medical University, Southwest Hospital, Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Centre, Chongqing, China. Changhua Christian Hospital, Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Changhua, Taiwan. Wuhan Sports University, College of Health Science, Tianjiu Research and Development Center for Exercise Nutrition and Foods, Hubei Key Laboratory of Exercise Training and Monitoring, Wuhan, Hubei, China. College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China. Wuhan University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan, China. Duke University, Department of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA. Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Modern Physics, Lanzhou, China. University of Sydney, Sydney Medical School, Renal Medicine, St Leonards, NSW, Australia. Temple University, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Physiology, Philadelphia, PA, USA. Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Institute of Dermatology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China. Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China. Tsinghua University, School of Life Sciences, Beijing, China. Peking University School of Basic Medical Science, Department of Immunology, Beijing, China. Research Institute in Oncology and Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. Mackay Memorial Hospital, Department of Radiation Oncology, Taipei, Taiwan. Sun Yat-sen University, School of Life Science, Guangzhou, China. Wuhan University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Key Lab of Oral Biomedicine of Ministry of Education (KLOBME), Wuhan, Hubei, China. nd Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Hangzhou, China. University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Molecular Biology, Dallas, Texas, USA. Purdue University, Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, West Lafayette, IN, USA. Wuhan University, Hubei Key laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan, China. Capital Medical University, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Liver Disease Center, Beijing, China. Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Neurology & Lou & Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Chicago, IL, USA. Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Genetics, Bronx, NY, USA. The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, Houston, TX, USA. National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, USA. East China Normal University, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai, China. University of Florida, Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, Gainesville, FL, USA. Zhejiang University, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China. National Cancer Center Korea, Goyang, Gyeonggi, Korea. National University of Singapore, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Singapore. Lomonosov Moscow State University, A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow, Russia. University of Pennsylvania, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA. National Cheng Kung University, College of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Tainan, Taiwan. Sun Yat-Sen University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou, China. INSERM U, University of Rennes, Rennes, France; Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France. University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Department of Biological Sciences, Charlotte, NC, USA. The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China. University of Milano-Bicocca, Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, Milan, Italy. Istituto di Fisiologia Clinica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Siena, Italy; Core Research Laboratory, Istituto per lo Studio, la Prevenzione e la Rete Oncologica, Siena, Italy. The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Institute for Cancer Research, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Montebello, Oslo, Norway; University of Oslo, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, The Department of Biosciences, Oslo, Norway. IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, IFOM-IEO Campus, Department of Experimental Oncology, Milan, Italy. University of Chile, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Santiago, Chile. Taipei Veterans Generals Hospital, Department of Medical Research, Taipei, Taiwan. National Institutes of Health (NIH), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), Rocky Mountain Laboratories (RML), Laboratory of Virology, Innate Immunity and Pathogenesis Section, Hamilton, MT, USA. Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council, Rome, Italy; European Center for Brain Research, Laboratory of Resolution of Neuroinflammation, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy. Kyungpook National University, Department of Life Science, Deagu, Korea. Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Iksan, Jeonbuk, Korea. Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Medicine, New York, NY, USA. Weill Cornell Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, New York, NY, USA. CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India. BC Cancer Research Centre, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Vancouver, BC, Canada. University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. National University of Singapore, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Department of Physiology; National University of Singapore, LSI Neurobiology Programme; National University of Singapore, Institute for Health Innovation and Technology; National University Hospital Singapore, Centre for Healthy Longevity; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore. Konkuk University School of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul, Korea. Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Potsdam, Germany. University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, Seoul, Korea. The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul St, Mary's Hospital, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Seoul, Kor. Institute of Cancer Research, Cancer Research UK Cancer Imaging Centre, Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, London, UK. IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatric Hemato-Oncology and Cell and Gene Therapy, Rome, Italy. Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Neurobiology Center, Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Warsaw, Poland. University of Chile, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Santiago, Chile. University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department of Pediatrics, Cologne, Germany; University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Center for Molecular Medicine (CMMC), Cologne, Germany. University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy. University of Liverpool, Institute of Translational Research, Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Liverpool, UK. Università di Milano, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, Milan, Italy. Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Department of Infectious Diseases, Rome, Italy. Institut Necker-Enfants Malades (INEM), INSERM U/CNRS UMR , Université de Paris, Paris, France. The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, The Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ein Karem, Jerusalem, Israel. University Roma Tre, Department of Science, LIME, Rome, Italy. National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, Pediatric Translational Research Branch, Bethesda, MD, USA. Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (CSIC, IDIBAPS), and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain. University of Belgrade, Institute for the Application of Nuclear Energy (INEP), Belgrade, Serbia. Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain. University of Sheffield, Department of Biomedical Science, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield, UK. Instituto de Histología y Embriología (IHEM)-Universidad Nacional de Cuyo-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Mendoza, Argentina. Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience and Department of Cell Biology, New Haven, CT, USA. Clermont-Auvergne University, INRAE, Human Nutrition Unit, F-, Clermont-Ferrand, France. University of Pavia, Department of Biology and Biotechnology "L. Spallanzani", Pavia, Italy. Federal University of São Carlos, Department of Gerontology, São Carlos, SP, Brazil. Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics and Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Hospitalet de Llobregat; University of Brescia, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Brescia BS, Italy. National Institutes of Health, NIAMS, Lymphocyte Nuclear Biology, Bethesda, MD, USA. Rutgers University, Department of Biological Sciences, Newark, NJ, USA. National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Aging, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Bethesda, MD, USA. University of Manitoba, Department of Medical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. Johns Hopkins University, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Baltimore, MD, USA. University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Department of Health Sciences, Catanzaro, Italy. Umeå University, Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Department of Chemistry, Umeå, Sweden. OncoRay National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf, Institute of Radiooncology - OncoRay, Dresden, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner site Dresden, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany. University of Genoa, DIMES Department of Experimental Medicine, Human Anatomy, Genoa, Italy. University of Michigan Medical School, Department of Neurology, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. University of Zürich, Schlieren Campus, Center for Molecular Cardiology, Schlieren, Switzerland. University of Oviedo, Department of Morphology and Cell Biology, Oviedo, Spain. University of Melbourne, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. CSIC-Universidad de Sevilla, Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Sevilla, Spain. Universidad de Chile, Facultad de Odontología, Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases, Santiago, Chile. Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Centro di Eccellenza per lo studio delle Malattie Neurodegenerative, Milano, Italy. Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary. Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Paz (IdiPaz), Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols UAM-CSIC, Madrid, Spain; Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Madrid, Spain. Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Institute of Materia Medica, State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Molecular Immunology and Cancer Pharmacology Group, Beijing, China. Sun Yat-sen University, School of Life Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China. Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China. The Chinese University of Hong Kong, School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell & Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China. Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (IBC), INSERM U, Gif-sur-Yvette, France. University of Mar del Plata, Department of Biology and Chemestry, Mar del Plata, BA, Argentina. McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada. Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA. Medical University of Lublin, Department of Pathophysiology, Lublin, Poland. University of Bologna, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences; Rizzoli Orthopaedics Institute, Laboratory of Immunorheumatology and Tissue Regeneration, Bologna, Italy. University Campus Bio-Medico, Department of Medicine, Rome, Italy. Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata, IDI-IRCCS, Rome, Italy. University of Florida, Department of Physical Therapy, Gainesville, FL, USA. University "G. D'Annunzio", Department of Medical Sciences DSMOB, Chieti, Italy; Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Department of Research, Rome, Italy. Federal University of Sergipe, Department of Pharmacy, São José, SE, Brazil. University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Reno, NV, USA. Gregor Mendel Institute, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria. University of Naples Federico II, Department of Pharmacy, Naples, Italy. Xi'an Jiaotong University, Department of Public Health, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China. The First Hospital of Jilin University, Laboratory of Cancer Precision Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China. Model Animal Research Center of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China. University of Salerno, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", Baronissi, SA, Italy. University of Padova, Department of Biology, Padova, Italy. Research Center Borstel, Cellular Microbiology, Borstel, Germany. University of Clermont Auvergne, MiSH (Microbes, Intestine, Inflammation and Susceptibility of the Host), UMR Inserm, INRA USC , CRNH, Clermont-Ferrand, France. Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Biochemical Institute, Kiel, Germany. Karolinska Institutet, Biomedicum, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Stockholm, Sweden. University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Department of Molecular Medicine and USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA; Institute for Biological Instrumentation of Russian Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of New Methods in Biology, Pushchino, Moscow region, Russia. Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Amarillo, TX, USA. Cleveland Clinic, Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cleveland, OH, USA. MD Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, Houston, TX, USA. Tulane University Health Sciences Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA. Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Crystallography, Berlin, Germany. Institute of Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, Wales, UK. University of Massachusetts Medical School, Program in Molecular Medicine, Worcester, MA, USA. Stellenbosch University, Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch, Western Cape, South Africa. University of Dundee School of Medicine, Division of Cellular Medicine, Dundee, Scotland, UK. University of Calabria, Department of Farmacy Health and Nutritional Sciences, Rende, Italy. Ghent University, Translational Nuclear Receptor Research, VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent, Belgium. "Sapienza" University of Rome, Department of Radiotherapy, Policlinico Umberto I, Rome, Italy. University of Verona, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata-Verona, Department of Medicine, Verona; Italy. Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Leprosy Laboratory, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. University of Antwerp, Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, Antwerp, Belgium. Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden. Sapienza University of Rome, Ospedale Sant'Andrea, Rome, Italy. Università degli Studi di Milano, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Milano, Italy. University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Unit of Pharmacology and Public Health, Urbino, Italy. University of Fribourg, Department of Biology, Fribourg, Switzerland. Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Cell Stress and Survival Unit, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease (CARD), Copenhagen, Denmark. University of California, San Francisco, Department of Pathology, San Francisco, CA, USA. Washington University School of Medicine, Departments of Pediatrics and Cell Biology & Physiology, St. Louis, MO, USA. KU Leuven, Department of Development and Regenaration, Laboratory of Pediatrics, PKD Research Group, Leuven, Belgium. Boston University, Department of Biology, Boston, MA, USA. IFOM, The FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy. University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Aurora, CO, USA. University of Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR , Bordeaux, France. Instituto de Fisiologia Celular, UNAM, Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Mexico City, Mexico. Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC , USA. University of Melbourne, School of Biomedical Sciences, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. University of Buenos Aires, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Institute of Immunology, Genetics and Metabolism (INIGEM), CONICET. Buenos Aires, Argentina. L.N.C.I.B. Laboratorio Nazionale Consorzio Interuniversitario Biotecnologie, AREA Science Park, Trieste, Italy. University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Department of Physiology and Croatian Institute for Brain Research, Zagreb, Croatia. Hospital for Sick Children, Program in Cell Biology Department, Toronto, Canada; University of Toronto, Department of Biochemistry, Toronto, Canada. Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Beijing, China. Virginia Commonwealth University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Richmond, VA, USA. Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia. Division of Developmental Biology, National Institute of Child Health & Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Autophagy, Inflamamtion and Metabolism (AIM) Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA. Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Laval, QC, Canada. Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute-IDIBELL, Oncobell Program. L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain. University of California, San Diego; Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, La Jolla, CA, USA. University of Zurich, Institute of Physiology, Zurich, Switzerland. Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Ubiquitin Signalling Division, Melbourne, Australia; University of Melbourne, Department of Medical Biology, Melbourne, Australia. University of Perugia, Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, Perugia, Italy. Sapienza University of Rome, Department of Biochemical Sciences A. Rossi Fanelli, Rome, Italy. Philipps University of Marburg, Department of Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Marburg, Germany. IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Dino Ferrari Center, Neuroscience Section, University of Milan, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Milan, Italy. University of Teramo, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Teramo, Italy. Western University, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, London, ON, Canada. Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Translational Neuroscience Center, Department of Neurology, Boston, MA, USA. National Institute for Infectious Diseases "L. Spallanzani" IRCCS, Rome, Italy. National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Department of Biology, Panepistimioupolis, Athens, Greece. University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Cancer Biology, Cincinnati, OH, USA. University of Chile, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Santiago de Chile, Chile. University of Alcalá, Deparment of Systems Biology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain. Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA. Seoul National University, College of Pharmacy, Seoul, Korea. University of Montreal, Faculty of Medicine, Microbiology, Infectious diseases and Immunology Department, CRCHUM, Montréal, QC, Canada. Goethe University, Institute of Biochemistry II, Faculty of Medicine, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Department of Cell Biology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China. University of Kansas Medical Center, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, Kansas City, KS, USA. University of Rome La Sapienza, Department of Biology and Biotechnology C. Darwin, Rome, Italy. University of Belgrade, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic" - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, Department of Neurobiology, Belgrade, Serbia. University of Belgrade, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, Belgrade, Serbia. Imperial College London, Department of Life Sciences and MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, London, UK. Friedrich-Alexander University (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Department of Internal Medicine - Rheumatology and Immunology, Erlangen, Germany. Washington University School of Medicine and John Cochran VA Medical Center, Department of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. University of Manitoba, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM UMRS , Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Equipe labellisée par la Ligue contre le Cancer, Paris, France; Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France. University of Calgary, Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Calgary, AB, Canada. University of Colima, University Center for Biomedical Research, Colima, Mexico. University of Canterbury, Biomolecular Interaction Centre, School of Biological Sciences, Christchurch, New Zealand. Hacettepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biology, Ankara, Turkey. University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, Markey Cancer Center, Lexington, KY, USA. University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Autophagy Research, Dallas, TX, USA. Jinshan Branch of Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai, China. Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Goethe University, Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, Frankfurt, Germany. Nanjing University, Medical School, Division of Immunology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China. Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Atlanta, GA, USA. Umeå University, Department of Chemistry, Umeå, Sweden. University of Arkansas, Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, Fayetteville, AR, USA. Oncogenetic Laboratory, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel. Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Shanghai, China. University of British Columbia, Department of Urologic Sciences, Vancouver, BC, Canada. National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China. Central South University, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Department of Nephrology, Changsha , Hunan, China. Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chengdu, China. Cardiff University, Division of Cancer and Genetics, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK. Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa CABIMER, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de Sevilla, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain. Shanghai Proton and Heavy Ion Center, Department of Research & Development, Pudong, Shanghai, China. University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section Pneumology, Hamburg, Germany. Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. Medical University of Vienna, Department of Dermatology, Division for Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Vienna, Austria. University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Division of Renal diseases, Aurora, CO, USA. University of Manitoba, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Regenerative Medicine Program, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. University of Cologne, Centre for Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry I, Medical Faculty, Cologne, Germany. United Arab Emirates University, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, Department of Anatomy, Al Ain, UAE. University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Graz, Austria; BioTechMed Graz, Graz, Austria; University of Graz, Field of Excellence BioHealth, Graz, Austria. Long Beach VA and University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA. Ain Shams University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cairo, Egypt. Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, Institut d'Investigació Santitària Pere Virgili. University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA. Florida International University, Department of Immunology and Nano-Medicine, Miami, FL, USA. Children's Cancer Hospital Egypt , Tumor Biology Research Program, Cairo, Egypt. University of Camerino, Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Camerino, Italy. Damietta University, Faculty of Science, Biochemistry Department, Damietta, Egypt. Technische Universität Dresden, Medical Clinic I, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany; Technische Universität Dresden, Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Dresden, Germany; Institute of Molecular Genetics of the ASCR, Department of Cancer Cell Biology, Prague, Czech Republic. Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Universidad de Buenos Aires-CONICET, Argentina. University of Sheffield, The Bateson Centre, Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease,Sheffield, South Yorkshire, UK. Philipps University of Marburg, Department of Cytobiology and Cytopathology, Marburg, Germany. Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA. Bogazici University, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bebek, Istanbul, Turkey. Pfizer, Oncology Research & Development, Pearl River, NY, USA. Oslo University Hospital, Institute for Cancer Research, Department of Tumor Biology, Montebello, Oslo, Norway. University of Bergen, Department of Biomedicine/ Centre for Cancer Biomarkers (CCBIO), Bergen, Norway. Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, C.S.I.C./U.A.M., Madrid, Spain. Universität zu Köln, CECAD Forschungszentrum, Institut für Genetik, Köln, Germany. University of Turku, Institute of Biomedicine, Turku, Finland. IRIM, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France. Medical University of Lodz, Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, Lodz, Poland. Sapienza University of Rome, DAHFMO-Section of Anatomy, Rome, Italy. Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Rome, Italy. Karolinska Institutet, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular, IHEM-CONICET, Mendoza, Argentina. Max-Planck-Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, Biochemistry of Signal Dynamics, Göttingen, Germany. La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia; School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Universidad Miguel Hernández (UMH), Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE), Elche, Spain. Dresden University Medical Center, Department of Neurology, Dresden, Germany. University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Columbia, SC, USA. University of Pittsburgh, Department of Surgery, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. University of Cincinnati, Department of Cancer Biology, Cincinnati, OH, USA. University of Oslo and Akershus University Hospital, Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, Lørenskog, Norway; The Norwegian Centre on Healthy Ageing (NO-Age), Oslo, Norway. Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China. King's College London, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), Paris, France. Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), University Lyon, Inserm, U, Université Claude Bernard Lyon , CNRS, UMR, ENS Lyon, Lyon, France. Rudolf Virchow Center, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany. South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Hopwood Centre for Neurobiology, Lifelong Health Theme, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia. Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA. Guangzhou Medical University, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou, China. The First Hospital of Jilin University, Department of Neurology, Changchun, China. Medical School of Zhejiang University, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Key lab of Biotherapy in Zhejiang, Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Hangzhou, China. The University of Hong Kong, School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Hong Kong, China. Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Houston TX, USA. Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Beijing, China. University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto Medical School, Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil. Washington University in St. Louis, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, St. Louis, MO, USA. University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Center for Autophagy Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Dallas, TX, USA. Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona (IIBB)-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain; Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic i Provincial de Barcelona, IDIBAPS and CIBEREHD, Barcelona, Spain; Research Center for ALPD, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA. Columbia University, New York, NY, USA. Università del Piemonte Orientale, Department of Health Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Novara, Italy. University of Sao Paulo, Institute of Biosciences, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil. University of California, San Diego, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas CSIC, Department of Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Immunology and Genomics, Vigo, Spain. University of Padua, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Padua, Italy; Italian National Research Council (CNR), Neuroscience Institute, Padua, Italy. University of Piemonte Orientale, Department of Translational Medicine, Novara, Italy. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Morphological Sciences Department, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Clinicas Hospital of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Redox Signaling and Oxidative Stress Group, Copenhagen, Denmark. Università degli Studi Sapienza di Roma, SAIMLAL Department, Roma, Italy. Center for Systems and Therapeutics, Gladstone Institutes; Departments of Neurology and Physiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. NYU School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, New York, NY, USA. Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Richmond, VA, USA; Virginia Commonwealth University, VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA; Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Departments of Pathology, Neurosurgery and Urology, New York, NY, USA. State University of New York, University at Buffalo, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Departments of Ophthalmology/Biochemistry and Neuroscience Program, Buffalo, NY, USA. Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Centre for Molecular Inflammation Research, Trondheim, Norway. Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, Tamil Nadu, India. Babraham Institute, Signalling ISP, Cambridge, UK. University of Genova, Department of Internal Medicine and IRCCS Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy. Montreal Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. University of Pavia, Department of Molecular Medicine, Biochemistry Unit, Pavia, Italy. University of Pisa, Department of Translational Medicine and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, Pisa, Italy; I.R.C.C.S. Neuromed Pozzilli, Pozzilli, Italy. Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Department of Environment and Health, Section of Mechanisms, Biomarkers and Models, Rome, Italy. University of Texas Medical Branch, Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, Galveston, TX, USA. University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Redox Biology Center, Lincoln, NE, USA. Laboratory of Sex-gender Medicine, National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems, Sassari, Italy. Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Department of Medicine, Division of Liver Diseases, New York, NY, USA. Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST), Klosterneuburg, Austria. Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Metabolic Research Laboratory, CIBEROBN, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain. University of Extremadura, Centro de Investigación Biomedica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Extremadura (INUBE), Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Nursing and Occupational Therapy, Cáceres, Spain. Kyushu University, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Fukuoka, Japan. Tokyo Institute of Technology, Institute of Innovative Research, Cell Biology Center, Yokohama, Japan. National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Degenerative Neurological Diseases, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan. Tohoku University, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Department of Integrative Life Sciences, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan. Goethe-University Frankfurt, Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Frankfurt, Germany. Monash University, Cancer Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Anatomy & Developmental Biology, VIC, Australia; Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Prostate Cancer Translational Research Laboratory, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; University of Melbourne, Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, Parkville, VIC, Australia. Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo Japan. The University of Chicago, Department of Microbiology, Chicago, IL, USA. University of Gdansk, Department of Molecular Biology, Gdansk, Poland. New York University - Abu Dhabi, Saadiyat Island Campus, Division of Science (Biology), Cell Death Signaling Laboratory, Abu Dhabi, UAE. University of Oxford, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, Oxford, UK. Universidad Castilla La Mancha, Facultad de Farmacia, Área Tecnología Farmacéutica, Albacete, Spain. Beckman Research Institute at City of Hope, Department of Systems Biology, Monrovia, CA, USA. Weill Cornell Medical College, Department of Radiation Oncology, New York, NY, USA; Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Yale School of Medicine, Department of Dermatology, New Haven, CT, USA; Université de Paris, Paris, France. Sorbonne Université, Developmental Biology Laboratory, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, IBPS, UMR, Paris, France. University of Edinburgh, Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh, UK. University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, Houston, TX, USA. MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, UK. Fourth Military Medical University, School of Aerospace Medicine, Xi'an, China. Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Zoology, State Key Laboratory of Stem cell and Reproductive Biology, Beijing, China. Harbin Institute of Technology, the HIT Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Harbin, China. South China University of Technology, School of Medicine and Institute for Life Sciences, GuangZhou, China. University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Hillman Cancer Center and Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Molecular and Cellular Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai, China. Universitat de Lleida, Department of Experimental Medicine, IRBLleida, Lleida, Spain. Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología y Biotecnología, Cátedra de Inmunología, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral (IDEHU), Buenos Aires, Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Buenos Aires, Argentina. National Center for Biotechnology (CNB)-CSIC, Laboratory of Intracellular Bacterial Pathogens, Madrid, Spain. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Anatomía, Histología y Neurociencia, Madrid, Spain. Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, School of Medicine, Department of Histology, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico. Universidad de Salamanca, Institute of Functional Biology and Genomics (IBFG), Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain. Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain. Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona (IIBB- CSIC); Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic i Provincial de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBEREHD, Barcelona, Spain. Cajal Institute/CSIC and CIBERNED, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain. KU Leuven, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Leuven, Belgium. Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain. Sapienza University of Rome, Department of Experimental Medicine, Rome, Italy. Tulane University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New Orleans, LA, USA. University of Bonn, Clinical Centre, Department of Psychiatry, Neurohomeostasis Group, Bonn, Germany. Zhejiang University School of Medicine,Women's Hospital,Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China. University of Milano, Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Milan, Italy. Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Propre de Recherche , Conventionné avec l'Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France. University Clinic Freiburg, Institute for Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Freiburg - Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany. Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain and Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA. Institute for Animal Developmental and Molecular Biology, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany. Virginia Commonwealth University, Departments of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Medicine and Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, VA, USA. Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Neuroscience Research Center, Kerman, Iran. University of Torino, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Torino, Italy. KU Leuven, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Centre Environment & Health, Leuven, Belgium. University of Sussex, School of Life Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedicine, Brighton, UK. Sapienza University of Rome, Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Rome, Italy. Democritus University of Thrace, Medical School, Department of Pathology, Alexandroupolis, Greece. Weill Cornell Medicine, Brain and Mind Research Institute, Burke Neurological Institute, White Plains, NY, USA. University of Manitoba, Departments of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Winnipeg, Canada. Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland. National Institutes of Health, National Institutes of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), Bethesda, MD, USA. University of Ferrara, Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Ferrara, Italy. University of Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, Portugal; University of Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Coimbra, Portugal. University of Toronto, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. University of California, Davis and MIND Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, Dept. Molecular Biosciences, Davis, CA, USA. INSERM, UMR CRCT, Toulouse, France; Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, UMR CRCT, Toulouse, France; CNRS, ERL CRCT, Toulouse, France. University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Cologne, Germany. University of Seville, Department of Genetics, Seville, Spain. Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research; University of California San Diego, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA. Medical University of Warsaw, Department of Immunology, Warsaw, Poland. University of Auckland, School of Biological Sciences, Auckland, New Zealand. Luxembourg Institute of Health, Department of Oncology, NorLux Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Luxembourg, Luxembourg. Center of Toxins, Immune-response and Cell Signaling (CeTICS) and Laboratório Especial de Ciclo Celular (LECC), Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil. University of Groningen, University Medical Center of Groningen, Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, Groningen, The Netherlands. Leiden University Medical Center, Department of Cell and Chemical Biology and Oncode Institute, Leiden, The Netherlands. Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai, China. University of León, Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), León, Spain. University of La Laguna, Institute of Biomedical Technologies, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain. University of Alberta, Department of Biochemistry, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Optometry and Vision Science, Birmingham, AL, USA. The Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Inc. Bethesda, MD, USA. Technische Universität München, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Comprehensive Cancer Center München, München, Germany. Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Química Biológica Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Laboratorio de Disfunción Celular en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas y Nanomedicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina. BC Cancer, Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada. Harvard Medical School, Department of Dermatology, Cutaneous Biology Research Center Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis (CSIC-IBVF), Sevilla, Spain. Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA. Tel Aviv University, Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Tel Aviv, Israel. Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany; University of Cologne, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Cologne, Germany. Jena University Hospital, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Center for Molecular Biomedicine (CMB) and Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena, Germany. Weill Cornell Medicine, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, New York, NY, USA. University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, Houston, TX, USA. University of the West of England, Department of Applied Sciences, Bristol, UK. Flinders University, College of Medicine and Public Health, Adelaide, Australia. University of Alabama at Birmingham,Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Neurology, Birmingham, AL, USA. Boston University, Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Chemistry, and Medicine, Boston, MA, USA. Université de Strasbourg/CNRS UPR Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Strasbourg, France. University of Iowa, Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology, Iowa City, IA, USA. Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany. German Institute of Human Nutrition, Department of Molecular Toxicology, Nuthetal, Germany. Lanzhou University, School of Public Health, Lanzhou, Gansu, China. Case Western Reserve University, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH, USA. University of Salento, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, Lecce, Italy. Research Center Principe Felipe, Cellular Pathology Laboratory, Valencia, Spain. Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Baltimore, MD, USA. School of Pharmacy, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain. Dalhousie University, Faculty of Medicine, Departments of Pathology, Biology, and Microbiology & Immunology, Halifax, NS, Canada. David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Department of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA. KU Leuven, Clinical Division and Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Leuven, Belgium. Justus-Liebig University, Department of Internal Medicine, Giessen, Germany. Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, USA. Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai, China. The University of Sheffield, Department of Biomedical Science, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield, UK. University of Virginia, School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Charlottesville, VA, USA. University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Neurology, Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA. Institute of Microbial Technology, Department of Molecular Biology, Chandigarh, India. CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India. University of Oslo, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Oslo, Norway. Deakin University, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Victoria, Australia. Macquarie University, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, New South Wales, Australia. University of California, San Diego, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, La Jolla, CA, USA. Medical College of Wisconsin, Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Center, Milwaukee, WI, USA. ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, FMD VP Laboratory, Bengaluru, India. University of Eastern Finland, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Kuopio, Finland. Brandeis University, Department of Biology and Rosenstiel Basic Medical Sciences Research Center, Waltham, MA, USA. University of Gdansk, Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Gdansk, Poland. Tokai University School of Medicine, Department of Molecular Life Sciences, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan. Swedish Agricultural University (SLU), Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala, Sweden. Hasselt University, Biomedical Research Institute, Diepenbeek, Belgium. University of Surrey, School of Bioscience and Medicine, Department of Microbial Sciences, Stag Hill Campus, Guildford, Surrey, UK. Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Centre for Biotherapeutics and Biomarkers, London, UK. Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Baltimore, MD, USA. Goethe University, Institute for Molecular Biosciences, Frankfurt/Main, Germany. Osaka University, Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Genetics, Suita, Osaka, Japan. Zhejiang University, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Department of Medical Oncology, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China. Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Program of Development, Aging and Regeneration, La Jolla, CA, USA. University of Michigan, Department of Biological Chemistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. Third Department of Internal Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan. Department of Neurophysiology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković" - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia. University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Davis, CA, USA. University of Toronto, Department of Medicine, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Monash University, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Rheumatology Group, Clayton, Victoria, Australia. Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Division of Neurology, Department of Neuroscience & Sensory Organs, Sendai, Japan. University of Malaya, Institute of Biological Sciences (Genetics), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Washington University School of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Leibniz Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Cell Biology, Berlin, Germany. California Institute of Technology, Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, Pasadena, CA, USA. University of Massachusetts Medical School, Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, Worcester, MA, USA. Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Biology and Immunology of Reproduction Acad. Kiril Bratanov, Sofia, Bulgaria. University of Minnesota, Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, Minneapolis, MN, USA. Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Chicago, IL, USA. Sichuan University, West China School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Chengdu, China. Jinan University, College of Pharmacy, Guangzhou, China. Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA. University of Chicago, Department of Medicine, Section of Dermatology, Chicago, IL, USA. D'Youville College, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical, Social and Administrative Sciences, Buffalo, NY, USA. University of Innsbruck, Institute of Biochemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Section Systems Medicine of Metabolism and Signaling, Laboratory of Pediatrics, Groningen, The Netherlands. National Institutes of Health, National Eye Institute, Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, Ophthalmic Molecular Genetics Section, Bethesda, MD, USA. University of Glasgow, Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, Glasgow, UK. University College London, Cancer Institute, London, UK. Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Department of Genetics and Evolution, São Carlos (SP), Brazil. Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdISNA), Fundación Miguel Servet, Biomedical Research Center of Navarre-Navarrabiomed, Immunomodulation Group, Pamplona, Spain. Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives (IMN), CNRS UMR , Bordeaux, France. University of Barcelona, Barcelona Hepatic Hemodynamic Unit, Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic, Hospital Clínic-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica Red de enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Barcelona, Spain. INRA, UR Laboratory of Fish Physiology and Genomics, Campus de Beaulieu, Rennes, France; Hunan Normal University, College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Changsha, Hunan, China. University of Lleida, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, IRBLleida, Lleida, Spain. The Francis Crick Institute, Molecular Cell Biology of Autophagy, London, UK. Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Newtown, New South Wales, Australia; Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Newtown, New South Wales, Australia. University of Chile, Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Santiago, Chile; FONDAP Center for Geroscience Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile; University of Chile, Institute of Biomedical Science, Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Santiago, Chile; Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA. University of Bern, Institute of Cell Biology, Bern, Switzerland. Kyushu University, Depatment of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan. UT Southwestern Medical Center, Departments of Medicine (Cardiology) and Molecular Biology, Dallas, TX, USA. Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA. University of Waterloo, School of Pharmacy, Kitchener, ON, Canada. University of Hong Kong, Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China. National University of Singapore, Department of Physiology, Singapore. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Department of Pharmacology, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. Yale University, Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, New Haven, CT, USA. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU) and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala, Sweden. University Côte d'Azur, FHU OncoAge, Department of Pathology, Nice, France. German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), Department of Molecular Toxicology, Nuthetal, Germany. University of Helsinki, Medicum, Biochemistry and Developmental Biology, Helsinki, Finland. University of Birmingham, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, Birmingham, UK. Kyungpook National University, School of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Daegu, Korea. Kaohsiung Medical University, Graduate Institute of Medicine & Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. University of Cologne, Institute for Genetics and CECAD Research Center, Cologne, Germany. European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany. University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Dallas, TX, USA. Chung Shan Medical University, Institute of Medicine, Taiwan. National Chiao-Tung University, Department of Applied Chemistry and Institute of Molecular Science, Hsinchu, Taiwan. University of Plymouth, Faculty of Health: Medicine, Dentistry and Human Sciences, Peninsula Dental School, Plymouth, Devon, UK. Anhui University of Science and Technology, Department of Medical Immunology, Huainan, China. Soochow University, Institute of Neuroscience, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China. University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles and Jane Center for Mineral Metabolism and Clinical Research, Dallas, TX, USA. Southern Medical University, Shenzhen Hospital, Department of Gastroenterology, Shenzhen, Guangdong. National Tsing Hua University, Department of Chemical Engineering, and Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, Hsinchu, Taiwan. Northwest A&F University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering & Technology, Yangling, Shaanxi, China. Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Bone Tumor Institution, Shanghai, China. State University of New York, Downstate Health Sciences University, Department of Surgery and Cell Biology, Brooklyn, NY, USA. Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Chengdu, China. New York University School of Medicine, Department of Environmental Medicine, Urology, Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York, NY, USA. Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Immunology & Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai, China. University of Sydney, Kolling Institute, Renal Research Lab, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Wenzhou Medical University, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China. Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Tongji Medical College, School of Pharmacy, Wuhan, Hubei, China. Chongqing University, School of Medicine, Center for Neurointelligence, Chongqing, China. The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Department of Radiation Oncology, Xi'an, Shaan Xi, China. Zhejiang University School of Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China. III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany. Medical University of Vienna, Department of Pathology, Vienna, Austria. University Hospital Jena, Institute of Human Genetics, Jena, Thuringia, Germany. University of Otago, School of Biomedical Sciences and Brain Health Research Centre, Department of Biochemistry, Dunedin, New Zealand. University of Bern, Institute of Pathology, Bern, Switzerland; TRANSAUTOPHAGY: European network for multidisciplinary research and translation of autophagy knowledge, COST Action CA. Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Department of Theoretical Biophysics, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. University of California, Berkeley, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Berkeley, CA, USA. West Virginia University, School of Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Morgantown, WV, USA. Durham University, Department of Biosciences, Durham, UK. University of Indonesia, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Obstetric and Gynecology, Jakarta, Indonesia. Yonsei University, Department of Biotechnology, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Korea. The University of Chicago, Department of Pathology, Chicago, IL, USA; present address: VIR Biotechnology, San Francisco, CA, USA. University of Messina, Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi", Section of Pathology, Messina, Italy. Kyushu University, Medical Institute of Bioregulation (MIB), Fukuoka, Japan. Osaka International Cancer Institute, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Osaka, Japan. Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Research for Parkinson's Disease, Tokyo, Japan. University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Department of Life Sciences, Modena, Italy. Juntendo University, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Division for Development of Autophagy Modulating Drugs, Tokyo, Japan. University of North Texas Health Science Center, North Texas Eye Research Institute and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fort Worth, TX, USA. University of Michigan, Life Sciences Institute, Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), INSERM U, CNRS UMR , Aix-Marseille Université and Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, Marseille, France. University of Massachusetts Medical School, Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, Worcester, MA, USA. National University of Córdoba, Clinical Biochemistry Department, CIBICI-CONICET, Córdoba, Argentina. Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Stanford, CA, USA. Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Akita, Japan. Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA; South China University of Technology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine and Institutes for Life Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China. University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen Biocentre, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Biotech Research & Innovation Centre (BRIC), Neuroinflammation Unit, Copenhagen N, Denmark. Chiba University, Department of Biology, Chiba, Japan. Keio University School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Tokyo, Japan. University College London, Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, London, UK. Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat de Barcelona, Departament de Bioquímica I Biomedicina Molecular, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain. Hampton University, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hampton, VA, USA. Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain. RIKEN, Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama, Japan. Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease, Cell Death and Metabolism Unit, Copenhagen, Denmark; University of Copenhagen, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Copenhagen, Denmark. University of Technology, Department of applied science, Division of Biotechnology, Baghdad, Iraq. University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Baltimore, MD, USA. Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion Salvador Zubiran, Unidad de Bioquimica, Mexico City, Mexico. University of Warwick, School of Life Sciences, Coventry, UK. Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM ,UMR-S , Châtenay-Malabry, France. Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Center for Translational Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA. Houston Methodist Research Institute, Weill-Cornell Medicine, Houston, TX, USA. Delft University of Technology, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Department of Bionanoscience, Delft, The Netherlands. Lund University, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Laboratory of Molecular Neurogenetics, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center and Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund, Sweden. Luxembourg Institute of Health, Tumor Immunotherapy and Microenvironment (TIME) group, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg. Cancer Drug Resistance and Stem Cell Program, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia. University Hospital of Regensburg, Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, Regensburg , Germany. Polish Academy of Sciences, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Laboratory of Ischemic and Neurodegenerative Brain Research, Warsaw, Poland. Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan. Université de Sherbrooke, Département d'immunologie et de biologie cellulaire, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada. UMR, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France. Institute of Experimental Medicine CAS, Department of Neuroregeneration, Prague, Czech Republic. Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology and Department of Genetics, New York, NY, USA. University of Copenhagen, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Section of Molecular Physiology, Copenhagen, Denmark. Aarhus University Hospital, Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark. University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Molecular Biology, Dallas, TX, USA. The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China. Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Longhua Hospital, Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China. Purdue University, Department of Nutrition Science, West Lafayette, IN, USA. Karolinska Institutet, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden. Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing First Hospital, Department of Neurology, Nanjing, China. University of Pittsburgh, Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, London, UK. Wonkwang Univesity, Department of Biological Sciences, Iksan, Chunbuk, Korea. The First Hospital of Jilin University, Cancer Center, Department of Hematology, Changchun, Jilin, China. ZhejiangUniversity, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Key Lab of Biotherapy in Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China. Xi'an Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Nephrology, Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province, China. Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Liyuan hospital of Tongji Medical College, Department of Endocrinology, Wuhan, Hubei, China. Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Daejeon, Korea. Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), INSERM U, CNRS ERL, University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France. University of Rochester, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Rochester, NY, USA. University of Sheffield, Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease and the Bateson Centre, Sheffield, UK. University of Helsinki, Institute of Biotechnology, Cell and Tissue Dynamics Programme and Electron Microscopy Unit, Helsinki, Finland. Indian Institute of Science, Centre for BioSystems Science and Engineering, Bangalore, India. Radboud University Medical Centre, Department of Internal Medicine, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. Universidad Castilla La Mancha, Departmento Ciencias Medicas, Albacete, Spain. Fudan University School of Pharmacy, Department of Biological Medicines, Shanghai, China. The University of Suwon, Department of Health Science, Hwaseong, Gyeonggi, Korea. Stony Brook University, Department of Pathology, Stony Brook, NY, USA. Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Isamel Cosío Villegas, Departamento de Investigación en Microbiología, Ciudad de México, México. Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, Gwangju, South Korea. Korea Food Research Institute, Research Group of Natural Material and Metabolism, Jeollabuk-do, Korea. Ewha Womans University, Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. Seoul National University, School of Biological Science, Seoul, Korea. Evelina Children's Hospital, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, Children's Neuroscience Centre, London, UK; King's College London, Muscle Signalling Section, Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, London, UK; King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, London, UK. Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA. University of Ulm, Department of Internal Medicine II, Molecular Cardiology, Ulm, Germany. University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Department of Ophthalmology, Kuopio, Finland. University Tartu, Department of Pharmacology, Tartu, Estonia. University Medical Center Gottingen, Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Gottingen, Germany. University of Michigan, Kellogg Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. University of California, San Francisco UCSF Diabetes Center, Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, San Francisco, CA, USA. University of Kansas Medical Center, Department of Microbiology, Molecular Genetics and Immunology, Kansas City, KS, USA. Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India. National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Neuroscience Institute, Padua, Italy. European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK. Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland. Karolinska Institutet, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Stockholm, Sweden. Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Cardioligy, Gifu, Japan. Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Internal Medicine , Izumo, Shimane, Japan. Seoul National University, School of Biological Sciences, Seoul, Korea. UT Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Surgery, Dallas, Texas, USA. Chungbuk National University, Department of Biology Education, Seowon-Gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Korea. CAESAR Research Center, Bonn, Germany. Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Department of Cellular Physiology, Niigata, Japan. Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA. Florida Atlantic University, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Science, Boca Raton, FL, USA. Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary. National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Division of Molecular Oncology, Department of Biological Chemistry, Athens, Greece. University of Minnesota, Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Minneapolis, MN, USA. Jadavpur University, Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Kolkata, India. University of Otago, Department of Physiology-HeartOtago, Dunedin, Otago, New Zealand. Hokkaido University, Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Sapporo, Japan. Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany. University of Eastern Finland, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Kuopio, Finland. University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA. Doshisha Women's College of Liberal Arts, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, Japan. Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), Agriculture and Food, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. Chang Gung University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China. Flinders University, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia. Philipps University and University Hospital of Marburg, Department of Neuropathology, Marburg, Germany. National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Bethesda, MD, USA. Oregon Health & Science University, Casey Eye Institute, Portland, OR, USA. University of Münster, University Hospital, Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, Münster, Germany. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Urbana, IL, USA. Weill Cornell Medicine, Departments of Pediatrics and Cell and Developmental Biology, New York, NY, USA. Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France; Equipe labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM U , Paris, France. Queen Mary University of London, Barts Cancer Institute, London, UK. University College London, MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, London, UK. Maastricht University Medical Center, GROW School for Oncology, Department of Radiotherapy, Maastricht|, The Netherlands. Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Beer Sheva, Israel. University of Sadat City, Department of Molecular Biology, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, Sadat City, Egypt. Indiana University-Purdue University (IUPUI), Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA. University of Eastern Finland, School of Pharmacy, Kuopio, Finland. Barkatullah University, Department of Biochemistry & Genetics, Bhopal, India. Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Campus Charité Mitte and Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany. Columbia University, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, New York, NY, USA. Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, University Hospital Jena, Institute of Human Genetics, Jena, Germany. Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Convergence Medical Sciences and Institude of Health Sciences, Jinju, Republic of Korea. University of Minnesota, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, Minneapolis, MN, USA. Kyungpook National University, School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, Daegu, Korea. Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu, Korea. Dankook University, College of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Cheonan, Chungnam, Korea. Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cell Factory Research Center, Daejeon, Korea; University of Science and Technology, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Daejeon, Korea. Dankook University, College of Dentistry, Cheonan, Korea. Seoul National University College of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, and Ophthalmology, Seoul, Korea. Konkuk University, Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Seoul, Korea. Kyung Hee University, Department of Oral Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea. Sookmyung Women's University, Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul, Korea. Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Center for Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection, Daejeon, Korea. Penn State College of Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Hershey, PA, USA. Weizmann Institute of Science, Department of Molecular Genetics, Rehovot, Israel. New York University School of Medicine, Department of Radiation Oncology, Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA. National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Center for Rare Disease Research, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan. AstraZeneca, Bioscience, Oncology R&D, Cambridge, UK. University College London, Institute of Healthy Ageing, Department of Genetics, Evolution & Environment, London, UK. University of Utah, Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; University of Utah School of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA. Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research London, Sutton, UK. St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Departments of Physiology and Pathophysiology, and Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Max Rady College of Medicine; Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. Vavilov Institute of General Genetics RAS, Department of Epigenetics, Moscow, Russia. S&J Kishi Research Corporation, Jupiter, FL, USA. Nihon Pharmaceutical University, Department of Pharmaceutical and Medical Business Sciences, Bunkyoku, Tokyo, Japan. St. Marianna University Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Kanagawa, Japan. Nagasaki University, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Clinical Research Pharmacy, Nagasaki, Japan. Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Cell Biology and Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Bronx, NY, USA. University of Copenhagen, Department of Neuroscience, Copenhagen, Denmark. Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Department of Medicine (Hematology-Oncology), Philadelphia, PA, USA. Friedrich-Baur-Institute, Department of Neurology, University of Munich, Munich, Germany. University Hospital Erlangen, Department of Molecular Neurology, Erlangen, Germany. University of Oslo, Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Montebello, Norway; Oslo University Hospital, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Montebello, Norway. The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Hong Kong, China. Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Department of Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine, New York, NY, USA. The University of Tokyo, Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, Laboratory of RNA Function, Tokyo, Japan; Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Bronx, NY, USA. New York Institute of Technology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Old Westbury, NY, USA. Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Faculty of Computer Science and Mathematics, Institute of Computer Science, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. University Medicine Göttingen, Clinic for Neurology, Göttingen, Germany. University Hospital Münster (UKM), Institute of Musculoskeletal Medicine, Münster, Germany. Goethe University Hospital Frankfurt, Neuroscience Center, Experimental Neurosurgery, Frankfurt/Main, Germany. Division of Brain Disease Research, Korea National Institute of Health, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea. Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan. University of Graz, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria. Juntendo University School of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan. Sapporo Higashi Tokushukai Hospital, Advanced Surgery Center, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan. The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Columbus, OH, USA. Earlham Institute, Norwich, UK. Newcastle University, Ageing Research Laboratories, Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK. Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Trondheim, Norway; Korsnes Biocomputing (KoBio), Trondheim, Norway. University of Eastern Finland, Department of Ophthalmology, Kuopio, Finland. Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA. Hiroshima University, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan. China National Rice Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Hangzhou. China. Democritus University of Thrace, Department of Radiotherapy/Oncology, Alexandroupolis, Greece. Kanazawa Medical University, Department of Diabetology & Endocrinology, Uchinadacho, Ishikawa, Japan. Fukuoka University, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Fukuoka, Japan. University of Freiburg, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ZBMZ, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany; University of Freiburg, CIBSS - Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, Freiburg, Germany. Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Chicago, IL, USA. University of Texas, Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA. Queen's University of Belfast, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Belfast, UK. Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon , CNRS UMR , INSERM U, Institut NeuroMyoGène, Lyon, France. Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, INSERM U, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe labellisée par la Ligue contre le cancer, Paris, France; Institut Gustave Roussy, Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Villejuif, France; Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Pôle de Biologie, Paris, France; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Suzhou Institute for Systems Medicine, Suzhou, China; Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Stockholm, Sweden. Babraham Institute, Babraham, Cambridge, UK. Tokyo University of Science, Department of Applied Biological Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan. VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven, Belgium. University of Bonn, LIMES Institute, Bonn, Germany. Emory University, Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA. PK-PD-Toxicology and Formulation Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, India. University of Houston, Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA. Julius L. Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute (BBRI) and North Carolina Central University, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Durham, NC, USA. International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cellular Immunology Group, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India. Shiga University of Medical Science, Department of Medicine, Otsu, Shiga, Japan. Kalinga institute of industrial technology (KIIT-DU), School of Biotechnology, Campus , Patia, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India. St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Department of Pathology, Memphis, TN, USA. Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Guwahati, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Guwahati, Assam, India. Virginia Commonwealth University, Department of Computer Science, Richmond, VA, USA. University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Department of Pharmacology, Aurora, CO, USA. Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), Tuzla, Istanbul, Turkey. Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Zoonosis Research Center, Iksan, Jeonbuk, Korea. Keimyung University, School of Medicine, Department of Immunology, Daegu, Korea. Protein Metabolism Medical Research Center and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, USA. INRS, INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier. Montréal, QC, Canada. University of Burgundy, Centre Georges François Leclerc, Department of Medical Oncology, Dijon, France. University of Ferrara, Department of Translational Medicine, Ferrara, Italy. Cellular Microbiology and Physics of Infection Group, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, University of Lille, Lille Cedex, France. University of Ottawa, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Huazhong Agricultural University, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Wuhan, China. Macquarie University, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Department of Biomedical Science, Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia. University of California, San Francisco Department of Ophthalmology, San Francisco, CA, USA. National Yang-Ming University, Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, Taipei, Taiwan. Yale University, Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, New Haven, CT, USA. School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK. Penn State College Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Hershey, PA, USA. University of Greifswald, Institute of Pharmacy, Greifswald, Germany. Stockholm University, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm, Sweden. Johannes Kepler University Linz, Kepler University Hospital GmbH, Institute of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, Linz, Austria. University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, AgroSup Dijon, PAM UMR A ., Dijon, France. IGBMC, Inserm U, Cnrs UMR, Strasbourg University, Illkirch, France. Mayo Clinic, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Rochester, MN, USA. University of Virginia, Department of Cell Biology, Charlottesville, VA, USA. Macau University of Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Taipa, Macau, China. The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Department of Health Technology and Informatics, Hunghom, Hong Kong. University of Nottingham, School of Life Sciences, Nottingham, UK. Sichuan Academy of Medical Science & Provincial Hospital, Medical School of UESTC, Chengdu, China. Université Paris Saclay, Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay (Neuro-PSI)-CNRS UMR , Orsay France. McGill University Health Center, Department of Medicine, Cancer Research Program, Montreal, QC, Canada. Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Montréal, Québec, Canada; McGill University, Department of Critical Care and Division of Experimental Medicine, Montréal, Québec, Canada; UQAM, Faculté des Sciences, Département des Sciences de l'activité physique, Montréal, Canada. Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Department of Biological Sciences, Ulsan, Korea. National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, School of Nursing, Taipei, Taiwan. KAIST, Department of Biological Sciences, Daejon, Korea. Konkuk University, School of Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Seoul, Korea. Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Daejeon, Korea. QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia. Hannam University, Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Daejeon, South Korea. Chungnam National University, Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology (GRAST), Daejeon -, Republic of Korea. University of Michigan, Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. Incheon National University, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Division of Life Sciences, Incheon, Korea. Yonsei University College of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Seoul, Korea. Seoul National University College of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul, Korea. Yonsei University College of Medicine, Severance Biomedical Science Institute and Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul, Korea. Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Suwon, Gyeonggi, Korea. Seoul National University College of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Neuroscience Research Institute, Seoul, Korea. University of Kansas Medical Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kansas City, KS, USA. DGIST, Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Daegu, Korea. University of Arizona College of Medicine, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Phoenix, AZ, USA. Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Translational Medicine Research Center, Chiayi City, Taiwan. Yonsei University College of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul, Korea. University of West Florida, Department of Movement Sciences and Health, Pensacola, FL, USA. University of Michigan, Rogel Cancer Center, Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. National Institutes of Health, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, USA. University of Maribor, Faculty of Medicine, Maribor, Slovenia; University of Maribor, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Department of Biology, Maribor, Slovenia; University of Maribor, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Maribor, Slovenia; Medical University of Graz, Division of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Graz, Austria. Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China. Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), Université de Paris, Paris Cardiovascular Center - PARCC, Paris, France. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Center of Biotechnology and Department of Biophysics, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center , Los Angeles, CA, USA. University of Pisa, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, Pisa, Italy. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Department of Biology, Madrid, Spain. University of São Paulo, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil. University of Luxembourg, Department of Life Sciences and Medicine, Molecular Disease Mechanisms Group, Belval, Luxembourg. The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong. Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Department of Medicine, New York, NY, USA. Royal Veterinary College, London, UK; UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, London, UK. La Jolla Institute for Immunology and University of California San Diego, Laboratory of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla, CA, USA. College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China. Fudan University, Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai, China. Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Department of Pathology, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China. Sichuan University, West China Hospital, State key laboratory of biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan, China. Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Department of Biological Sciences, Blacksburg, VA, USA. Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Institute of Pediatric Research, Suzhou, China. Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. Jinan University, College of Life Science and Technology, Department of Biology, Guangzhou, China. Virginia Commonwealth University, Departement of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Richmond, VA, USA. Fudan University, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Shanghai, China. South China Normal University, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Guangzhou, China. Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Atlanta, GA, USA. Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Departments of Urology and Surgery, Boston, MA, USA. Stanford University, Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Stanford, CA, USA. Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Plant Protection, State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Beijing, China. Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou, Gansu, China. Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Hefei, Anhui Province, China. Army Medical University, Department of Bichemistry and Molecular Biology, Chongqing, Chongqing, China. The Wistar Institute, Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program, Philadelphia, PA, USA. Sun Yat-sen University, The rd Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Vaccine Research Institute, Guangzhou, China. Nanjing Agricultural University, College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing , China. Free University of Berlin, Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Berlin, Germany. Northwest A&F University, College of Life Sciences, Yangling, Shaanxi, China. Academia Sinica, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Taipei, Taiwan. Nathan S. Kline Institute, Center for Dementia Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Cell Biology and Neurobiology Branch, Bethesda, MD, USA. Konkuk University, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul, Korea. São Paulo State University, Botucatu Medical School, Center for Evaluation of Environmental Impact on Human Health (TOXICAM), Department of Pathology, Botucatu, SP, Brazil. San Raffaele Open University and IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Laboratorio di Patologia Cellulare e Molecolare, Rome, Italy. First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Province Hospital, Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing, China. Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; I-Shou University, College of Medicine, School of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. Mackay Memorial Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Taipei, Taiwan; Mackay Medical College, Department of Medicine, New Taipei,Taiwan. Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treatments to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Hangzhou, China; Zhejiang University, Institute of Biotechnology, Hangzhou, China. Life Sciences Institute and Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. National Health Research Institutes, Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine, Zhunan, Miaoli, Taiwan. Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Liver Research Center, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, College of Human Ecology, Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan. The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Department of Surgery, Columbus, OH, USA. School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China. Huazhong University of Science and Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Hubei Bioinformatics and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei, China. Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Gastrointestinal Unit/Medicine, Boston, MA, USA. Mayo Clinic, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rochester, MN, USA. Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Boston, MA, USA. Instituto de Biofisica da UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Department of Neurology, Munich, Germany. Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics and Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indianapolis, IN, USA. University of Singapore, Department of Biological Sciences, Singapore. University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Baltimore, MD, USA. University of Iowa, Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, Obesity Research and Education Initiative, Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Health and Human Physiology, Iowa City, IA, USA. Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Poznan, Poland. Duke University, Department of Ophthalmology, Durham, NC, USA. Institute of Neuroscience of Soochow University, Suzhou, China. Chinese Academy of Sciences, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Institute of Microbiology, CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China. Nankai University, Department of Microbiology, Tianjin, China. Guangdong Medical University, Institute of Nephrology, and Zhanjiang Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China. Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China. Central South University, School of Life Sciences, Molecular Biology Research Center, Changsha, Hunan, China. The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China. Columbia University, Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA. University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Albuquerque, NM, USA. Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Plant Nutrition, Agricultural Resources and Environmental Science, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou, Henan, China. Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Department of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China. Zhejiang University, Biotechnology Institute, State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Hangzhou, China. CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China. Harvard Medical School, Department of Microbiology; Brigham and Women's Hospital, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston, MA, USA. University of Colorado at Boulder, Department of Biochemistry, Boulder, CO, USA. ShanghaiTech University, School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai, China. Saarland University, Department of Neurology, Homburg, Germany. Johns Hopkins University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baltimore, MD, USA. Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang, China. Tsinghua Unversity, School of Life Sciences, Beijing, China. University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Sarcoma Medical Oncology, Houston, TX, USA. University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Team 'Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism (EA)/Inserm, Faculty of Sciences Gabriel, Dijon, France. Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Departament of Biochemistry and Institut Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain. Vall d´Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain. Oslo University Hospital, Institute for Cancer Research, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Oslo, Norway. Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Neurology, Boston, MA, USA. London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Department of Infection Biology, London, UK. Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Madrid, Spain. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Departamento de Biología Molecular, Madrid, Spain and Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain. Universidad de Zaragoza, IA, IIS, Laboratorio de Genética Bioquímica (LAGENBIO), Zaragoza, Spain; Universidad de Zaragoza, IA, IIS, Centro de Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Zaragoza, Spain. University Medical Center Utrecht, Center for Molecular Medicine, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Regenerative Medicine Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands. University of Turin, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Grugliasco (TO), Italy. Université de Paris, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation (CRI), Inserm-UMR, Paris, France. Newcastle University, Institute of Translation and Clinical Studies, Precision Medicine, The Medical School, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK. State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA. Universidad Mayor, Center for Integrative Biology and Geroscience for Brain, Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile. National University of Singapore, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Singapore. Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. University of Macau, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Taipa, Macao, China. Institute of Virology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany. Pfizer Inc, DSRD, La Jolla, CA, USA. University of St Andrews, School of Medicine, North Haugh, St Andrews, UK. Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal and ICVS/B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal. Duke University, School of Medicine, Duke Center for Virology, Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Durham, NC, USA. BC Cancer, Trev and Joyce Deeley Research Centre, Victoria, BC, Canada; University of Victoria, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Victoria, BC, Canada. University of Copenhagen, Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, Copenhagen, Denmark. University of Würzburg, Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, Würzburg, Germany. University of British Columbia, Centre for Heart Lung Innovation/Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Vancouver, BC, Canada. Kunming Institute of Zoology, Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China. Plymouth University, Peninsula School of Medicine and Dentistry, Plymouth, UK. Huazhong Agricultural University, Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition for Aquatic Economic Animals, Fishery College, Wuhan, China. RWTH Aachen University, Medical School, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Aachen, Germany. International Clinical Research Center, St'Anne University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Novosibirsk, Siberia, Russia. University of Oslo, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Molecular Medicine, Oslo, Norway; University of Oslo, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Oslo, Norway. Justus Liebig University, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg GmbH, Departement of Ophthalmology, Giessen, Germany. The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Department of Health Technology and Informatics, Hong Kong, China. Shandong Normal University, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China. Yale School of Medicine, Department of Cell Biology, New Haven, CT, USA. Guangzhou Medical University, Department of Histology and Embryology, Guangzhou, China. Soochow University, Institute of Neuroscience, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China. Department of Emergency Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA. Air Force Medical University, Xijing Hospital, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xi'an, China. Tianjin Medical University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Tianjin, China. Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Pathology. Bronx, NY, USA. Iowa State University, Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Ames, IA, USA. Michigan State University, College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, MI, USA. Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago IL, USA. Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Department of Neuroscience, Philadelphia, PA, USA. University of Graz, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, BioTechMed-Graz, BioHealth, Graz, Austria. University of Texas Health San Antonio, Department of Medicine, San Antonio, TX, USA. Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Institute for Aging Studies, Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Bronx, NY, USA. RIKEN, Laboratory for Retinal Regeneration, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan. Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tokyo, Japan. Justus-Liebig University, Department of Internal Medicine, Universities of Giessen & Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany. Part overlaps with Costanza Montagna: Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Computational Biology Laboratory, Copenhagen, Denmark; Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Computational Biology Laboratory, Copenhagen, Denmark. Cellular and Molecular Signaling, New York, NY, USA. Central Michigan University, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Mt. Pleasant, MI, USA. Inserm U, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France. University of Naples Federico II, Department of Biology, Naples, Italy. Washington University in St. Louis, Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, St. Louis, MO, USA. CSIR - Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Department of Cancer Pharmacology, Sanat Nagar, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India. National University of Singapore, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Mitochondrial Physiology and Metabolism Lab, Singapore; National University of Singapore, NUHS Centre for Healthy Ageing, Singapore. Center for Global Health, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy. Oregon Health and Science University, Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Portland, OR, USA. Iowa State University, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ames, IA, USA. The Chinese University of Hong Kong, The Prince of Wales Hospital, The Faculty of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, New Territories, Shatin, Hong Kong, China. Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Division of Genomic Stability and DNA Repair, Department of Radiation Oncology, Boston, MA, USA. German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany; CAESAR Research Center, Bonn, Germany. Vita-Salute San Raffaele University & IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, Milano, Italy. Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Massey Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Richmond, VA, USA. Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore, India. KU Leuven, Department of Imaging and Pathology, Leuven, Belgium. University College London, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, London, United Kingdom. Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Molecular Biology, Boston, MA, USA. Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, CM, Nice, France. Presidio San Paolo Polo Universitario, Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute San Paolo, Milano, Italy. University of Milan, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Milan, Italy. Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Biochimica e Biologia Cellulare, Monterotondo scalo (RM), Italy. University of Camerino, School of Pharmacy, Camerino, MC, Italy. University of Oviedo, Principality of Asturias Institute for Biomedical Research, Department of Functional Biology, Oviedo, Spain. Washington University in St. Louis, Department of Biology, St. Louis, MO, USA. UMBC, Department of Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental Engineering, Baltimore, MD, USA. University of Vienna, Max Perutz Labs, Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria. Harvard Medical School, Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Boston, MA, USA. European Institute of Oncology (IEO) IRCCS, Department of Experimental Oncology, Milan, Italy; University of Milano, Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, Milan, Italy. KU Leuven, Department of cellular and Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of cellular transport systems, Leuven, Belgium. Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Department of Biotechnology, Madrid, Spain. Laboratorio de Genética Bioquímica (LAGENBIO), Centro de Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón-IISA, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto Carlos III, Zaragoza, Spain. University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Department of Physical Education and Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain. Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols", CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain. Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA. University of Cambridge, MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Cambridge, UK. National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA. Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, AC, Unidad de Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México. Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Radiation Oncology, Bronx, NY, USA. Vall d'Hebron research Institute-UAB/Neurodegenerative Diseases Group, Barcelona, Spain. University of São Paulo, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Anatomy, Laboratory of Functional Neuroanatomy of Pain, São Paulo, Brazil. Laboratory of Immunoendocrinology, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. Universidade Anhanguera de São Paulo, Programa de Pós-graduação Stricto sensu e Pesquisa, São Paulo, Brazil. Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France. University of Minnesota, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics and Department of Medicine, Minneapolis, MN, USA. Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Milano, Italy. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, División de Neurociencias, Departamento de Neuropatología Molecular, Mexico, DF, Mexico. MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK. University of Rome "Sapienza", Department of Experimental Medicine, Rome, Italy. Center for gender-specific medicine, Italian National Health Institute, Rome, Italy. Biodonostia Health Research Institute, group of Cellular Oncology; IKERBASQUE; CIBERfes, Spain. Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyoto, Japan. CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Chirurgie Gynécologique, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Université Clermont Auvergne, Institut Pascal, UMR, CNRS/UCA/SIGMA, Clermont-Ferrand, France. University of Chieti-Pescara, Department of Medical, Oral, and Biotechnological Science, Chieti, Italy. Metabolism and Cancer Laboratory, Molecular Mechanisms and Experimental Therapy in Oncology Program (Oncobell), Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge - IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain. University of California, Davis, Department of Dermatology, Sacramento, CA, USA. CONACYT - Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Oriente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Puebla, Mexico. IRCCS "Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza", Opera di Padre Pio da Pietrelcina, Division of Internal Medicine and Chronobiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, San Giovanni Rotondo (FG), Italy. Sapienza University of Rome, Department of Biology and Biotechnology C. Darwin, Rome, Italy. University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Disease, Institute of Molecular Medicine (IMM), Houston, TX, USA. Cleveland Clinic, Lerner Research Institute, Department of Inflammation & Immunity, Cleveland, OH, USA. University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Little Rock, AR, USA. University College Cork, Department of Cancer Research, Cork, Ireland. Academic Decency, MeTooSTEM, Nashville, TN, USA. Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. Translational Stem Cell Biology Metabolism Program, Research Programs Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. PSL Research University, Equipe labelisée par la Ligue Contre le Cancer, Institut Curie, Inserm, U, Stress and Cancer laboratory, Paris, France. Sprott Centre for Stem Cell Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, and University of Ottawa, Department of Medicine, Ottawa, ON, Canada. University of Szeged, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunobiology, Szeged, Hungary. University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, AR, USA. University of Amsterdam, Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Leiden University, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden, The Netherlands; The City University of New York, Queens College, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, Department of Biology, Flushing, NY, USA. UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Research Group, Tromso, Norway. Childrens' Hospital, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany. Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Center of Medical Physics and Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, China; University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui, China. Laboratory of Cell Biology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, New Delhi, India. University of Cincinnati, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Cincinnati, OH, USA. University of Pretoria, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Physiology, Pretoria, South Africa. Laboratoire d'Optique et Biosciences, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, Inserm, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, France. University of New Mexico, Clinical and Translational Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA. Carité-Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Institut für Integrative Neuroanatomie, Berlin, Germany. Ruprecht-Karls University of Heidelberg, Women's Hospital, Department of Gynecological Endocrinology and Fertility Disorders, Heidelberg, Germany. Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France. University of Duisburg-Essen, Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Essen, Germany. Tianjin Medical University, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin, China. INSERM Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases (IMC), Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France. Shandong University, School of Life Science, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, Qingdao, China. Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, Poliambulatorio Giovanni Paolo II, Division of Medical Genetics, San Giovanni Rotondo (FG), Italy. Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Institute of Brain Science, Department of Neuropathology, Hirosaki, Japan; UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders, London, UK. National Medicines Institute, Department of Drug Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Warszawa, Poland. University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Seattle, WA, USA. University of Washington, Departments of Medicine, Microbiology and Genome Sciences, Seattle, WA, USA. Sage Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA, USA. European Neuroscience Institute (ENI) - A Joint Initiative of the University Medical Center Göttingen and the Max Planck Society, Göttingen, Germany. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, Department of Molecular Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, Uppsala, Sweden; Heidelberg University, Center for Organismal Studies, Neuenheimer Feld, Heidelberg, Germany. Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Disease, Kashan, Iran. Tehran University of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Department of Medical Immunology, Tehran, Iran. Macquarie University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, New South Wales, Australia. Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India. Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, School of Biotechnology, Kollam, Kerala, India. University of Nebraska Medical Center, Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Omaha, NE, USA. University of Campania L. Vanvitelli, Department of Precision Medicine, Naples, Italy; Institute of Genetic Research, Biogem scarl, Laboratory of Molecular and Precision Oncology, Ariano Irpino (AV), Italy. Université Toulouse III, Toulouse, France. Sapporo Medical University, Department of Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Medicine, Sapporo, Japan. University of California San Diego, Department of Pharmacology, La Jolla, CA, US. University of Colorado Denver, Department of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA. Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, College of Rehabilitation Sciences, Department of Physical Therapy, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido, Japan. Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nagasaki, Japan. Tokyo Medical University, Department of Biochemistry, Tokyo, Japan. The University of Tokyo, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan. Aarhus University, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus, Denmark. Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging of Nice (IRCAN), Centre Antoine Lacassagne, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire (FHU) OncoAge, Nice, France. Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Pharmaceutics Research Center, Kerman, Iran. MVR Cancer Hospital and Research Institute, Molecular Oncology, Cancer Genomics/Proteomics, Kerala, India. University of Kaiserslautern, Department of Biology, Plant Physiology, Kaiserslautern, Germany. International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India. Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona, Spanish Research Council (IIBB-CSIC); IDIBAPS and CIBEREHD, Barcelona, Spain. Washington University in St. Louis, Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology, St. Louis, MO, USA. Università della Svizzera italiana (USI), Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Bellinzona, Switzerland; School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland. University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Department of Health Sciences, Catanzaro, Italy. Aarhus University Hospital, Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark; Aarhus University, Department of Clinical Medicine, Research Laboratory for Biochemical Pathology, Aarhus, Denmark. Université de Lyon, ENSL, UCBL, CNRS, LBMC, UMS Biosciences Lyon Gerland, Lyon, France. Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Laboratory of Cell Death and Cancer Therapy, Madrid, Spain. Bispebjerg Hospital, Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Copenhagen,Denmark; UniCamillus, Saint Camillus International University of Health Sciences, Rome, Italy. University of Maryland School of Medicine, Center for Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Baltimore, MD, USA. Università degli Studi di Sassari, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Sassari, Italy. Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS, Immunopathology and Cancer Biomarkers, Aviano, Italy. University of Virginia, Department of Biology, Charlottesville, VA, USA. University of Exeter Medical School, European Centre for Environment & Human Health (ECEHH), Knowledge Spa, Royal Cornwall Hospital, Truro, Cornwall, UK; Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML), Plymouth, UK; University of Plymouth, School of Biological & Marine Sciences, Plymouth, UK. National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Molecular Medicine Department, Tehran, Iran. University of Pittsburgh, Department of Medicine, Aging Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Neuromuscular Diseases and Neuroimmunology Unit, Milano, Italy. University of Coimbra, Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, Portugal and CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Coimbra, Portugal. European Institute of Oncology (IEO) IRCCS, Department of Experimental Oncology, Milan, Italy. National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Department of Neurodevelopment and Physiology, Institute of Cellular Physiology, Mexico City, Mexico. Sapienza University of Rome, Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine & Orthopedics, Histology & Medical Embryology Section, Rome, Italy. Ifremer, SGM-LGPMM, Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins, La Tremblade, France. Swansea University Medical School, Molecular Neurobiology group, Swansea, United Kingdom. Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM U, DCN, Rouen, France; Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Rouen, France. Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Tokyo, Japan. University of British Columbia, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Kindai University, Pharmaceutical Research and Technology Institute, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka, Japan. Saitama University, Department of Regulatory Biology, Saitama, Japan. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Department of Physiology, Santiago de Chile, Chile. The University of Texas McGovern Medical School at Houston, Department of Neurology, Houston, TX, USA. Weill Cornell Medicine, Rockefeller University Campus, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, New York, NY, USA. Max Planck Institute for the Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany. Federal University of Ceara, Drug Research and Development Center, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil. Texas Tech University, Department of Nutritional Sciences & Obesity Research Institute, Lubbock, TX, USA. University of Münster, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Münster, Germany. Indian Council of Medical Research - National AIDS Research Institute, Division of Molecular Virology, Pune, MH, India. New York University Medical School, Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, New York, NY, USA. University of Colorado Denver, Children's Hospital Colorado, Morgan Adams Foundation Pediatric Brain Tumor Research Program, Aurora, CO. CNRS Biotechnology and cell signaling, Ecole Supérieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, Strasbourg University/Laboratory of excellence Medalis; University of Strasbourg Institute for Advanced Study, Strasbourg, France. ICREA, Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Ciberned, Barcelona, Spain; Spanish National Cardiovascular Research Center (CNIC), Madrid, Spain. National Hospital for Paraplagics (Sescam) Research Unit, Molecular Neuroprotection Group, Toledo, Spain. University of Zürich, Institute of Experimental Immunology, Viral Immunobiology, Zürich, Switzerland. King's College London, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, London, UK. Old Dominion University, Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Norfolk, VA, USA. Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, Dublin , Ireland. University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada. Genentech, Inc. Department of Cancer Immunology, South San Francisco, CA, USA. University of Helsinki, Faculty of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy/Drug Research Program, Helsinki, Finland. Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Department of Pathology and Immunology, St. Louis, MO, USA. University of Rzeszow, Institute of Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Rzeszow, Poland. Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, P.O. Box -, Iran. Cornell University, Department of Entomology, Ithaca, NY, USA. Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Newark, NJ, USA. University Hospital of Lausanne, Central Laboratory of Hematology, Lausanne, Switzerland. Kyoto University, Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan. Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease and University of California, San Francisco, Department of Neurology, San Francisco, CA, USA. Tokyo Institute of Technology, School of Life Science and Technology, Yokohama, Japan. University of South Florida, Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology, and Molecular Biology, Tampa, FL, USA. "Sapienza" University of Rome, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy. University of Cambridge, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Cambridge, UK. Soroka University Medical Center, Institute of Hematology and Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Beer-Sheva, Israel. Niigata University, Brain Research Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, Niigata, Japan. Nelson Mandela University, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Port Elizabeth, South Africa. Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Institute of Bioengineering (IBI) and Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), Laboratory of Regenerative Hematopoiesis, Lausanne, Switzerland; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Departments of Oncology and Laboratory Medicine, Hematology Service, Lausanne, Switzerland. University of Arizona, Department of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA. Georgia State University, Department of Biology, Atlanta, GA, USA. Radboud University Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. Maastricht University Medical Center, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Pathology, Maastricht, The Netherlands. University Hospital Basel, Department of Biomedicine, Ocular Pharmacology and Physiology, Basel, Switzerland. Karolinska Institutet, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Stockholm, Sweden; Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden. King's College London GKT School of Medical Education, London, UK. The University of Sydney, Kolling Institute, Renal Medicine, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. University of Kansas Medical Center. Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Thereapeutics, Kansas City, KS, USA. Trinity College Dublin, Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland. Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Daping Hospital, Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Laboratory for the Prevention and Rehabilitation of Military Training Related Injuries, Chongqing, China. University of Ferrara, Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ferrara, Italy. National Hospital for Paraplegics (SESCAM), Research Unit, Molecular Neuroprotection Group, Toledo, Spain. East Tennessee State University, Quillen College of Medicine, Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Diseases, and Immunity, Department of Medicine, Johnson City, TN, USA. ICMR-Vector Control Research Center, Unit of Microbiology and Immunology, Puducherry, India. University of Kansas School of Medicine, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Kansas City, KS, USA. New York University School of Medicine, Departments of Psychiatry and Cell Biology, and the Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, USA. Faculdade de Medicina e Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal; ABC-RI, Algarve Biomedical Center Research Institute, Faro, Portugal; Centre for Biomedical Research, Faro, Portugal. Duke University, Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Durham, NC, USA. University of Split, School of Medicine, Split, Croatia. Doshisha University Graduate School of Brain Science, Laboratory of Structural Neuropathology, Kyoto, Japan. Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany. Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Unit for Cell Death and Metabolism, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease, Copenhagen, Denmark; University of Copenhagen, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Copenhagen N, Denmark. Trinity College Dublin, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Dublin, Ireland. David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, Los Angeles, CA, USA. University of Messina, Sicily, Italy. Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Clinical Cooperation Unit Pediatric Oncology, Im Neuenheimer Feld, Heidelberg, Germany. National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Department of Bacteriology I, Toyama, Tokyo, Japan. Université de Paris, Centre de recherche sur l'inflammation, Team Gut Inflammation, Inserm, U, CNRS, ERL, Paris, France. University of Iceland, Faculty of Medicine, Biomedical center, Reykjavik, Iceland. Hollings Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Charleston, SC, USA. Ewha Womans University, Department of Life Science, Immune and Vascular Cell Network Research Center, National Creative Initiatives, Seoul, Korea. Chosun University, School of Medicine, Gwangju, Korea. Yonsei University, Wonju, Korea. Yamaguchi University, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Yoshida, Yamaguchi, Japan. Hyogo College of Medicine, Department of Genetics, Hyogo, Japan. University of Perugia, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Perugia, Italy. Stanford University, School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, CA, USA. Osaka University, Laboratory of Mitochondrial Dynamics, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka, Japan. Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan. Kyoto University of Advanced Science, Faculty of Bioenvironmental Science, Kameoka, Kyoto, Japan. University of Porto, REQUIMTE/UCIBIO, Faculty of Pharmacy, Porto, Portugal. Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA. University of California, Berkeley, Departments of Molecular and Cell Biology and Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, Berkeley, CA, USA; Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA. Rutgers University, Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Piscataway, NJ, USA. University of Defense, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, Department of Radiobiology, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic. The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Lui Che Woo Institute of Innovative Medicine, Centre for Cardiovascular Genomics and Medicine (CCGM), Shatin, Hong Kong, China; The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, Shatin, Hong Kong, China; Hong Kong Hub of Paediatric Excellence (HK HOPE), Hong Kong Children's Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Xiamen University, Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital, Institute for Translational Medicine, Xiamen, China; Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology - The Chinese University of Hong Kong (KIZ-CUHK) Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research of Common Diseases, Kunming, Yunnan, China. The University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Chicago, IL, USA. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Escuela de Medicina and Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencias, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Neurología, Santiago, Chile. University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine and Division of Neurology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Neurology, Philadelphia, PA, USA. Suez Canal University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ismailia, Egypt. University of Wisconsin-Madison, Center for Quantitative Cell Imaging and Department of Botany, Madison, WI, USA. German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Department of Molecular Toxicology, Nuthetal, Germany. Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology (IBFM), CNR, Milan, Italy. University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Los Angeles, CA, USA. University Medical Center Göttingen, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Göttingen, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany; Newcastle University, The Medical School, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK. Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Department of Pathology, Tumor Immunology Lab, Oslo, Norway. Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Medical Biology Department, Istanbul, Turkey. Texas Biomedical Research Institute, Host-Pathogen Interactions Program, San Antonio, TX, USA. Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Houston, TX, USA. University of Naples Federico II, Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Naples, Italy. Université de Paris, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France. Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Division of Neuroscience, Milan, Italy. University of São Paulo, Department of Parasitology, São Paulo, Brazil. University of Rome Tor Vergata, Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Rome, Italy. Goethe University Frankfurt, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China. Affiliated Hospital of GuangDong Medical University, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease of Zhanjiang City, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China. Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing, China. The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Center for Applied Genomics, Philadelphia, PA, USA. University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. University of Alberta, Department of Biochemistry, Edmonton, Canada. University of Salento, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (Di.S.Te.B.A.), Lecce, Italy. Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Computational Biology Laboratory, Copenhagen, Denmark. Max Perutz Labs, University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria. Quadram Institute Bioscience, Department of Gut, Microbes and Health, Norwich, UK. Waksman Institute, Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA. Dong-A University Medical School, Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Busan, Korea. Medical College of Wisconsin, Department of Biochemistry, Milwaukee, WI, USA. Incheon National University, Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon, Korea. Yonsei University, Division of Biological Science and Technology, Wonju, Korea. Chonnam National University, The Future Life & Society Research Center, Gwangju, Korea. Chonbuk National University, Department of VeterinaryMedicine, Iksan, Korea. Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Department of Chemistry, Be'er Sheva, Israel. KU Leuven, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine & Leuven Kanker Instituut, Leuven, Belgium. Sanofi, Vitry Sur Seine, France. Mayo Clinic, Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Rochester, MN, USA. VA San Diego Healthcare Systems and University of California, San Diego, Department of Anesthesiology, La Jolla, CA, USA. Internal Medicine , Brandenburg Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, Joint Faculty of the Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus Senftenberg, the Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane and the University of Potsdam, Brandenburg, Germany. IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, Tumor Microenvironment and Resistance to Treatment Laboratory, INSERM U, Université de Montpellier, Institut régional du Cancer de Montpellier, Montpellier, France. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Biotecnología, Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Laboratorio de Neuroinmunobiología, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México. Universidad de Chile, School of Medicine, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Santiago de Chile, Chile. Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Insitute of Immunology, Greifswald - Insel Riem, Germany. The Fourth Military Medical University, National Key Discipline of Cell Biology, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China. Weizmann Institute of Science, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Rehovot, Israel. Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas CSIC, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Madrid, Spain. Sun Yat-Sen University, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Department of Neurology, Guangzhou City, Guangdong, China. University of Padova, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Padova, Italy. Fondazione G. Pascale, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS, Cell Biology and Biotherapy Unit, Naples, Italy. University of Coimbra, CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology & Faculty of Medicine & CIBB - Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Coimbra, Portugal. Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Paulista School of Medicine, Departament of Pharmacology, São Paulo, Brazil. São Paulo State University, College of Agronomy Sciences, Department of Bioprocesses and Biotechnology, Center for Evaluation of Environmental Impact on Human Health (TOXICAM), Botucatu, SP, Brazil. University of Melbourne, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. University of Granada, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Physical Chemistry, Granada, Spain. University of Nebraska Medical Center, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Omaha, NE, USA. State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Departments of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Syracuse, NY, USA. Università degli Studi di Milano, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "L. Sacco", Milan, Italy. University of Calabria, Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis (CM), Rende (CS), Calabria, Italy. Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Pennsylvania Cancer and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Wynnewood, PA, USA; Xavier University School of Medicine, Woodbury, NY, USA. National Jewish Health and the University of Colorado, Denver, CO, USA. University of Oslo, Oslo University Hospital and Institute for Clinical Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Center for Eye Research, Oslo, Norway. Health and Medical University, Potsdam, Germany. Ulm University, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ulm, Germany. Washington University, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine and Molecular Microbiology, St. Louis, MO, USA. Third Military Medical University, Department of Occupational Health, Chongqing, China. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, School of Neuroscience, Blacksburg, VA, USA. Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille cedex , France; Institute for Research in Biomedicine (iBiMED) and Ilidio Pinho Foundation, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, - Aveiro, Portugal; Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai , PR China. Karolinska Institutet, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Huddinge, Sweden. University of Naples Federico II, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Naples, Italy. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer (IBMCC), Centro de Investigación del Cáncer (CSIC-Universidad de Salamanca), Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Unamuno, Salamanca. Spain. Tel Aviv University, School of Neurobiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, Tel Aviv, Israel. The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Leukemia, Houston, TX, USA. Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Medizinische Fakultät, Biochemie Intrazellulärer Transportprozesse, Bochum, Germany. Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology, University of the Basque Country EHU/UPV, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain. University of Cologne, Center for Biochemistry, Cologne, Germany. Moscow State University, A.N.Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Laboratory of Structure and function of mitochondria, Moscow, Russia. UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK. Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Monash University, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Georg-August University Göttingen, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Department of Genetics of Eukaryotic Microorganisms, Göttingen, Germany. Buchmann Institute & Institute of Biochemistry II, Medical Faculty, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany. Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, UMR Inserm-university of Toulouse, Toulouse, France. Mahidol University, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, Thailand. Erasmus University Medical Center, Department of Epidemiology; Division of Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. The Hospital for Sick Children, Translational Medicine Program, Toronto, Canada. St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Memphis, TN, USA. University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Women's and Reproductive Health, Oxford, UK. University of California, Davis, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Davis, CA, USA. University of Iowa, Department of Biology, Aging Mind and Brain Initiative, Iowa City, IA, USA. Jagiellonian University, Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Krakow, Poland. Temple University, Alzheimer's Center at Temple, Philadelphia, PA, USA. Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Interfaculty Institute of Cell Biology, Tübingen, Germany. University of Cyprus, Department of Biological Sciences, Bioinformatics Research Laboratory, Nicosia, Cyprus. Lifelong Health, South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute, North Terrace, Adelaide, Australia. University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Medicine and Neuroscience, Madison, WI, USA. Dalhousie University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick, Saint John, NB, Canada. National Center for Cell Science, Pune, India. Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China. Lanzhou University, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou, China. Zhejiang University, College of Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Malignant Lymphoma Diagnosis and Therapy Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China. China Pharmaceutical University, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Nanjing, China. Sanofi, Biologics Research, New York Ave, Framingham, MA, USA. University of Waterloo, Department of Kinesiology, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas en Retrovirus y Sida, Universidad de Buenos Aires-CONICET, Argentina. University of Pittsburgh, Department of Pathology; University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. Dartmouth College, Department of Chemistry, Hanover, NH, USA. Boston University, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston, MA, USA. Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Cancer Biology Research Center, Tehran, Iran. Penn State University College of Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Hershey, PA, USA. University of Alabama at Birmingham, Cardiac Aging & Redox Signaling Laboratory, Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Department of Pathology, Birmingham, AL, USA. Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Institute of Anatomy III- 'Cellular and Molecular Anatomy', Frankfurt, Germany. University of Birmingham, Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, Birmingham, UK. MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Division of Protein and Nucleic Acid Chemistry, Cambridge, UK. Indian Institute of Science, Department of Biochemistry, Bangalore, India. School of Medicine, the Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China. Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA. The University of Kansas Cancer Center, Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapeutics, Kansas City, KS, USA. All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India. University of Southampton, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, UK. Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Head and Neck Cancer Research Division, Baltimore, MD, USA. University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Columbia, SC, USA. Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division,l and John Cochran VA Medical Center, St. Louis, MO, USA. Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Baltimore, MD, USA. Johannes Gutenberg University-Mainz, Institute of Developmental Biology and Neurobiology, Mainz, Germany. Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Medical faculty, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Düsseldorf, Germany. The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Institute for Applied Cancer Science (IACS), Translational Research to Advance Therapeutics and Innovation in Oncology (TRACTION), Houston, TX, USA. Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Translational Research in Psychiatry, Munich, Germany. University of Vienna, Cell Imaging and Ultrastructure Research (CIUS), Vienna, Austria. Karolinska Institutet, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Microbiology, Stockholm, Sweden. Wright State University, Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dayton, OH. USA. University of Wyoming, College of Health Sciences, Laramie, WY, USA. Qingdao Agricultural University, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao, Shandong, China. Ifremer, RBE, Département Ressources, La Tremblade, France. University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine, Department of Human Genetics, Los Angeles, CA, USA. Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, SP, Brazil. Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France. The Ohio State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Columbus, OH, USA. Thomas Jefferson University, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Graduate Program in Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA. Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain. Democritus University of Thrace, First Department of Internal Medicine & Laboratory of Molecular Hematology, Alexandroupolis, Greece. Redox Signaling and Oxidative Stress group, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark. University of Padua, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Padua, Italy. Middlesex University, Department of Natural Sciences, London, UK. INSERM U, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (CM), Nice, France; Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, UFR de Médecine, Nice, France. Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Houston, TX, USA. Federal University of ABC (UFABC), Center for Natural and Human Sciences (CCNH), Santo André, SP, Brazil. University of Campinas (UNICAMP), School of Applied Science, Department of Sport Sciences, Limeira, Brazil. University of Barcelona, School of Medicine, Unit of Anatomy, Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Barcelona, Spain; L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge -IDIBELL, Molecular Mechanisms and Experimental Therapy in Oncology Program (oncobell), Barcelona, Spain. Kansas City University of Medicine and Biosciences, Department of Basic Science, Kansas City, MO, USA. Goethe University Frankfurt, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. University of Gdansk, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk, Poland. Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia Italy. Università degli Studi di Catania, Dipartimento di Chirurgia Generale e Specialità Medico-Chirurgiche, Catania, Italy. CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza, Mendoza, Argentina. INSERM U, Institut Necker Enfants-Malades (INEM), Team , Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne-Paris Cité, Paris, France. Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat de Barcelona, Facultat de Biologia, Departament de Bioquimica i Biomedicina Molecular, Barcelona, Spain. Naples University, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Naples, Italy. University of Würzburg, Institute of Pathology, Würzburg, Germany. Kiel University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel, SH, Germany. Georgetown University, Department of Biology, Washington, DC, USA. Columbia University, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, New York, NY, USA. University of Illinois, Department of Anesthesiology, Chicago, IL, USA. Normandy University, UNICAEN, INSERM, UMR-S U, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders (PhIND), Institute Blood and Brain @Caen-Normandie (BB@C), GIP Cyceron, Caen, FRANCE. University of Sherbrooke, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada. Section on Eukaryotic DNA Replication, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD,USA. University of Seville. School of Pharmacy, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla. Sevilla, Spain. University of Cambridge, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, UK Dementia Research Institute and Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge, UK. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Chemistry Department, Moscow, Russia. University Medical Center Eppendorf, Institute for Medical Microbiology, Hamburg, Germany. Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic. Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Biotechnology, Mannheim, Germany. Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Neuromuscular Disease and Immunology Unit, Milan, Italy; University of Brescia, Unit of Biology and Genetics, Department of Molecular and Translation Medicine, Brescia, Italy. Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia. University of Ottawa, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Ottawa, ON, Canada. National Research Council, Institute of Food Sciences, Avellino, Italy. University of Calabria, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, Cosenza, Italy. N.N. Blokhin National medical research center of oncology, Department of biomarkers and mechanisms of tumor angiogenesis, Moscow, Russia. Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK. University of Seoul, Department of Life Science, Seoul, Korea. University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. Concordia University, Department of Biology, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; McGill University, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Ernst-Ruska Centre for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons (ER-C-/StructuralBiology), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany. Saitama University, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama, Japan. Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Newark, NJ, USA. Oregon State University, College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Portland, OR, USA. Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad, Iran. Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. University of South Carolina, Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Columbia, SC, USA. University of Sydney, Northern Clinical School, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia. Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Cellular Plasticity and Disease Group, Barcelona, Spain. University of Toyama, Sugitani, Toyama, Japan. Kyoto University, Graduate School of Agriculture, Division of Applied Life Sciences, Kyoto, Japan. The University of Tokyo, Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tokyo, Japan. University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Department of Virology, Helsinki, Finland. Florida State University, Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Tallahassee, FL, USA. Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Research Group in Critical Disorders (GREPAC), Barcelona, Spain. Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran (ABRII), Department of Systems Biology, Karaj, Iran. University of Minho, School of Medicine, Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), Braga, Portugal; ICVS/B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal. CABD/CSIC/Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Departamento de Fisiología, Anatomía y Biología Celular, Sevilla, Spain. University of Malaga, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Malaga, Spain. Imperial College London, Section of Paediatric Infectious Disease & Virology, London, UK. INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, QC, Canada. Weill-Cornell, Englander Institute of Precision Medicine, Department of Radiation Oncology, New York, NY, USA. University of Camerino, School of Pharmacy, Experimental Medicine Section, Camerino, Italy. University of Glasgow, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom. Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, CSIC, Valencia, Spain. Jawaharlal Nehru University, School of Life Sciences, New Delhi, India. Institute for Stem Cell Science & Regenerative Medicine (inStem), Bangalore, Karnataka, India. University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research Center, Baltimore, MD, USA. University of Birmingham, Institute of Biomedical Research, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK. Health Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol, Innate Immunity Group, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain. University of Delhi South Campus, Department of Genetics, New Delhi, India. Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland. Mayo Clinic, Department of Molecular Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA. National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Department of Neurochemistry, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India. Duke University, Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Durham, NC, USA. Goethe University, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Frankfurt, Germany. University of Notre Dame, Department of Biological Sciences, Notre Dame, IN ,USA. UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, London, UK. University Hospital and University of Zürich, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zürich, Switzerland. University of Calgary, Department of Comparative Biology & Experimental Medicine, Calgary, AB, Canada. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute for Human Infection and Immunity (IHII), University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA. Amsterdam University Medical Centers location VUmc, Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. University of Kaiserslautern, Phytopathology, Kaiserslautern, Germany. IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, Milan, Italy. Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, CRO-IRCCS, Molecular Oncology Unit, Aviano, Italy. Medical University of Graz, Gottfried Schatz research center, Graz, Austria. University Grenoble Alpes and Inserm U, Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Bioenergetics (LBFA), Grenoble, France. Medical University of Innsbruck, Institute for Cell Biology, Innsbruck, Austria. Hannover Medical School, Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Hannover, Germany. National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Vaccine Research Center, Bethesda, MD, USA. Ruhr-University Bochum, Department of Molecular Immunology, Bochum, Germany. German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, DZNE, Bonn, Germany and Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Geriatric Psychiatry, University Bonn, Bonn, Germany. Reseach Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, Priority Research Area Infections, Junior Research Group Coinfection, Borstel, Germany. Johannes Kepler University Linz, Institute of Biophysics, Linz, Austria. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular Dr. Héctor N. Torres, Laboratorio de Señalización y Mecanismos Adaptativos en Tripanosomátidos, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires, Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Mayo Clinic, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Rochester, MN, USA. Technische Universität Dresden, Institute for Physiological Chemistry, Dresden, Germany. University of Wuerzburg, Department of Vegetative Physiology, Wuerzburg, Germany. University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Vienna, Austria. Mayo Clinic, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Rochester, MN, USA. University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg. Forschungszentrum Jülich, Institute of Biological Information Processing, IBI- (Structural Biochemistry), Jülich, Germany. University of Campania L. Vanvitelli, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Traslazionali, Naples, Italy. Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), Italy. Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Rutgers University, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Department of Pharmacology, New Brunswick , NJ, USA. National Research Council, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Pavia, Italy. Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany. Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Bronx, NY, USA; Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Institute for Aging Studies, Bronx, NY, USA. Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain; Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain. Rice University, Department of Bioengineering, Houston, TX, USA. University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Chicago, IL, USA. University of Oslo, Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway (NCMM), Oslo, Norway. Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, ES UPPA, INRAE, UMR Nutrition Métabolisme et Aquaculture, F- Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France. Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Los Angeles, CA, USA. Pennsylvania State University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Park, PA, USA. Alpert Medical School of Brown University/Rhode Island Hospital, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Providence, RI, USA. Iowa State University, Animal Science Department, Ames, IA, USA. Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Izmir, Turkey. University of Alberta, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Edmonton, AB, Canada. University of Rochester Medical Center, Microbiology and Immunology, Rochester, NY, USA. Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Cell Biology, Baltimore, MD, USA. Indian Institute of Science, Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Bangalore, KA, India. Shenzhen University Health Science Center, School of Dentistry, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China. University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Birmingham, AL, USA. University of Washington, Department of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA; VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA. Soochow University, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China. Freie Universitaet Berlin, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Biochemistry, Berlin, Germany. Johns Hopkins University, Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA. University of Pennsylvania, Abramson Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, PA, USA. Division of Stem Cell and Gene Therapy Research, Institute of Nuclear Medicine & Allied Sciences (INMAS), Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO), Timar Pur, New Delhi, India. Thomas Jefferson University, Center for Translational Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA. Women and Infants Hospital of Rhode Island-Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Department of Pediatrics, Providence, RI, USA. University of Macau, Faculty of Health Sciences, Macau, China. The University of Hong Kong, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong, China. Nanjing Agricultural University, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China. Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Department of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai, China. Total Toxicology Labs, Southfield, MI, USA. Soochow University, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases, Suzhou, China. Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Roanoke, VA, USA. Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Indianapolis, IN, USA. Van Andel Institute, Center for Epigenetics, Grand Rapids, MI, USA. Fudan University, Zhongshan Hospital, Liver Cancer Institute, Department of Liver Surgery & Transplantation, Shanghai, China. Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Treatment and Research in Multiple Sclerosis and Neuro-intractable Disease, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan. National Chung-Hsing University, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Taichung City, Taiwan. Jikei University School of Medicine, Research Center for Medical Sciences, Division of Gene Therapy, Tokyo, Japan. Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Department of Pathological Cell Biology, Tokyo, Japan. Tohoku University, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Sendai, Japan. Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Hanover, NH, USA. Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Center for Infectious Diseases, Division of Infectious Disease Control, Kobe, Japan. MACS - Agharkar Research Institute, Developmental Biology Group, Pune, India; Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind, Pune, Maharashtra, India. Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Department of Experimental Pathology, Rochester, MN, USA. National Sun Yat-sen University, Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. Huazhong University of Science and Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education,Wuhan, Hubei, China. University of Calgary, Cumming School of Medicine, Departments of Medical Genetics and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), CIBER on Neurodegenerative diseases (CIBERNED), E- Barcelona, Spain. Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country EHU/UPV, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain. Universidad de la República, Facultad de Agronomía, Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Montevideo, Uruguay. National Institutes of Health, NIEHS, RTP, Durham, NC, USA. David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Medicine, Division of Dermatology, Los Angeles, CA, USA. University of Bern, Institute of Pharmacology, Bern, Switzerland; Sechenov University, Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Moscow, Russia. INSERM UMR, Laboratory of Epithelial Biology and Disease, Imagine Institute, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France. Boston University School of Medicine, Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Boston, MA, USA. Wayne State University School of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Detroit, MI, USA. University of Pittsburgh, Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Department of Urology, Chandigarh, India. Biomedical Research Institute of New Mexico, VA Healthcare System, Albuquerque, NM, USA. CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Marg, New Delhi, India. University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Departments of Ophthalmology, Cell Biology, and Developmental Biology, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Department of Endocrinology, Lucknow, India. North Dakota State University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Fargo, ND, USA. National Jewish Health, Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy & Immunology, and Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Denver, CO, USA. Masaryk University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biology, Brno, Czech Republic. Washington State University, Institute of Biological Chemistry, Pullman, WA, USA. Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK. Dong-A University, College of Medicine, Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Peripheral Neuropathy Research Center, Busan, Korea. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Department of Biology, Moscow, Russia. Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Discipline of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India. Shandong University, School of public health, Department of Toxicology and nutrition. Jinan, Shandong, China. Korea University, Department of Life Sciences, Seoul, Korea. Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Medical College of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou, China; Hong Kong Baptist University, School of Chinese Medicine, Mr. and Mrs. Ko Chi Ming Centre for Parkinson's Disease Research, Hong Kong SAR, China. University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Division of Cardiology, Aurora, CO, USA. Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China. Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Department of Medicine, Endocrine Division, Boston, MA, USA. University of Guelph, Department of Food Science, Guelph, Canada. University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA. Department of Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neurotoxicology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru-, Karnataka, India. University of Kentucky, Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, Lexington, KY, USA. Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, National Research Council (CNR), Rome, Italy; Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Fondazione Santa Lucia, Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Rome, Italy. University of Western Ontario, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, London, Ontario, Canada. University of Oslo, Department of Neuro-/Pathology, Oslo, Norway. Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Athens, Greece; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, First Department of Neurology, Athens, Greece. University of California, Irvine, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Irvine, CA, USA. Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Department of Immune Modulation, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany. Oslo University Hospital, Institute for Cancer Research, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Montebello, Oslo, Norway. Technische Universität Dresden, Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Dresden, Germany. Jožef Stefan Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia. University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Children's Hospital, University Children's Research@Kinder-UKE, Hamburg, Germany. Heinrich-Heine-University, Medical Faculty, Institute of Molecular Medicine I, Düsseldorf, Germany. IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy. The Ohio State University, Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Columbus, OH, USA. University of California San Diego, UCSD Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA, USA. Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Department of Critical Care Medicine, Beijing, China. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, LITEB/IOC, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Cleveland, OH USA. Rutgers University, New Jersey Medical School and Public Health Research Institute, Newark, NJ, USA. University of Madras, Department of Biochemistry, Guindy Campus, Chennai, India. Kolling Institute, Department of Neurogenetics, University of Sydney and Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards NSW, Australia. Hangzhou Normal University, Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, College of Medicine, Holistic Integrative Pharmacy Institutes and Comprehensive Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China. Iowa State University, Department of Kinesiology, Ames, IA, USA. University of Nebraska Lincoln, Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, Center for Plant Science Innovation, Lincoln, NE, USA. University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA. Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shanghai, China. Wuhan University, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China. Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China. Cancer Institute of the Second Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China. University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Department of Physiology, Memphis, TN, USA. Experimental Physiopathology, Department of Sciences/Experimental Physiopatholgy, Medical School, University of São Paulo, Brazil. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, The Linnean Centre of Plant Biology in Uppsala, Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala, Sweden. University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA. University of Missouri, Division of Animal Science and Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Women's Health, Columbia, MO, USA. Tokai University School of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan. York University, Department of Biology, Toronto, Canada. University of Utah, Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology; Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes; Investigator, Molecular Medicine Program, Salt Lake City, UT, USA. Hong Kong Baptist University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Hong Kong, China; Hong Kong Baptist University, Golden Meditech Centre for NeuroRegeneration Sciences, Hong Kong, China. Ohio Musculoskeletal and Neurological Institute (OMNI) and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA. Charité University Medicine Berlin, Department of Hepatology & Gastroenterology, Berlin, Germany. The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiology, Houston, TX, USA. Chengdu Medical College, Department of Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Development and Regeneration Key Lab of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China. University of Glasgow, Institute of Cancer Sciences, Glasgow, UK. Penn State University College of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Hershey, PA, USA. VIT University, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore, Tamilnadu, India. The Chinese University of Hong Kong, School of Biomedical Sciences, Hong Kong, China; The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hong Kong, China. Inserm Unit - University of Paris Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicetre, France. Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo, Japan. National Neuroscience Institute, Duke NUS Medical School, Singapore. Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China. Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Kyoto, Japan. RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Laboratory for Protein Conformation Diseases, Wako, Saitama, Japan. Hubei University of Technology, National "" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Wuhan, China. State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Neuropathology, Tokyo, Japan. Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Charlestown, MA, USA. University Medicine Goettingen, Neurology, Department of Translational Neurodegeneration, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration (BIN), Goettingen, Germany. Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Heraklion, Crete, Greece; University of Crete, Medical School, Heraklion, Crete, Greece. Duke University, Department of Medicine; Duke University, Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology; Duke University, Department of Immunology, Durham, NC, USA; Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Health Care Center, Durham, NC, USA. University of North Carolina, Department of Pathology, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. Nasonova Research Institute of Rheumatology, Moscow, Russia. Cardiff University, Division of Cancer and Genetics, Heath Park Way, Cardiff, UK. Goethe-University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Frankfurt, Germany. INSERM U, Team "Virus Hepatology Cancers", Créteil, France; Université Paris-Est, UMR S, UPEC, Créteil, France. Chulalongkorn University, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Age-Related Inflammation and Degeneration Research Unit, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Bangkok, Thailand. University of Liverpool, Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Liverpool, UK. Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CIB-CSIC, Madrid, Spain. University of Genova, Department of Internal Medicine, Genova, Italy. University of Kansas Medical Center, Department of Otolaryngology, Kansas City, KS, USA. University of Nebraska Medical Center, Departments of Internal Medicine and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Omaha, NE, USA. University of Colorado School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Aurora, CO, USA. CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, South Campus, New Delhi, India. Hannover Medical School, Institute for Molecular and Therapeutic Strategies (IMTTS), Hannover, Germany. University Medical Center Göttingen, Institute of Cellular Biochemistry, Göttingen, Germany. South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Guangdong Provincial Sericulture and Mulberry Engineering Research Center, College of Animal Science, Guangzhou, China. University Hospital of Bonn, Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, Bonn, Germany. University of Antwerp, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Peripheral Neuropathy Research Group, Antwerp, Belgium. Concordia University, Department of Biology, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Wayne State University School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Detroit, MI, USA. Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy. University of Oviedo, Department of Functional Biology, Physiology, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain. Zhejiang University, Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Hangzhou, China. Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Chicago, IL, USA. Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France. Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Biological Responses, Nagoya, Japan. University of Belgrade, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Belgrade, Serbia. University Federico II of Naples, Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Naples, Italy. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Immunobiology Program, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Faculty of Biology, Department of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Panepistimiopolis, Athens, Greece. Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology & Immunology, Charleston, SC, USA. University of Bern, Institute of Pathology, Division of Experimental Pathology, Bern, Switzerland. University of Hong Kong, Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Hong Kong, China. University of Southampton , Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, Highfield, Southampton, UK. Universite de Moncton, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Moncton, NB, Canada. University of Birmingham, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, Birmingham, UK. Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, New York, NY, USA. Komarov Botanical Institute RAS, Laboratory of Molecular and Ecological Physiology, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation. Nottingham Trent University, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham, UK. University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Translational Gastroenterology Unit and Department of Paediatrics, Oxford, and Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK. Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, First Department of Neurology, Warsaw, Poland. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Moscow, Russia. Mie University, Graduate School of Bioresources, Tsu, Japan. University of Osnabrück, Department of Biology/Chemistry, and Center of Cellular Nanoanalytics Osnabrück (CellNanOs), Osnabrück, Germany. Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Department of Nephro-urology, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan. University of Tübingen, Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Tübingen, Germany. University of Milan, Department of Biosciences, Milan, Italy. University of Buenos Aires, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Pathophysiology Department, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina. University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Oxford, UK. Karolinska Institute, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Stockholm, Sweden. University of Murcia, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology B and Immunology; Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), Unit of Autophagy, Immunity and Cancer, Murcia, Spain. Fundación Instituto Leloir and IIBBA, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Laboratorio de Glicobiología Celular y Genética Aplicada de Levaduras, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERdem), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain. Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Hangzhou, China. Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Nashville, TN, USA. Center of Translational Immunlogy, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands. Goethe University, Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. University Hospitals Leuven, Department of Neurology, Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven, Belgium. Laboratory of Immunosenescence and Stem Cell Metabolism, Department of Oncology, Ludwig Cancer Institute, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland. Scientific Institute, IRCCS E. Medea, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy. Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas "Alberto Sols" (CSIC-UAM) and CIBERER (CIBER, ISCiii), Madrid, Spain. Harvard Medical School, Ophthalmology, Boston, MA, USA. Universitätsklinikum Essen, Institute for Cell Biology (Cancer Research), Essen, Germany. University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Hematology, Groningen, The Netherlands. Tuscia University, Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences (DEB), Viterbo, Italy. EA , Limoges University, Faculty of Medicine, Limoges cedex, France. Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Center of Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Athens, Greece. Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France. University of Pittsburgh, Department of Pathology, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. Washington University in St. Louis, Department of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Service of Endocrinology, University Hospital Doctor Peset, Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region (FISABIO)-Department of Physiology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain. University of Montpellier, UMR , Montpellier, France. Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Lisboa, Portugal. University of Helsinki, Institute of Biotechnology, Electron Microscopy Unit, Helsinki, Finland. Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR)-Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED)-Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain. Institute of Biomedicine of Valencia, Spanish Research Council (CSIC), Valencia, Spain. University Hospital La Paz Research Institute (IdiPAZ), Cancer and Human Molecular Genetics Area Oto-Neurosurgery Research Group, Madrid, Spain. University of Toulouse, Institute of Metabolic and cardiovascular Diseases, INSERM UMR , Toulouse, France. Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Department of Life Science and Public Health Section of Histology and Embryology, Rome, Italy. Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine (IIGM), Candiolo (TO), Italy; Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo (TO), Italy. Simon Fraser University, Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada. Institute for Systems Analysis and Computer Science "A. Ruberti", National Research Council (IASI-CNR), IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy. Eurac Research, Institute for Biomedicine, Bolzano, Italy. Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie (IBMB), Bonn, Germany. University of Oxford, Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Oxford, UK. Fukushima Medical University, School of Medicine, Department of Anatomy and Histology, Fukushima, Japan. University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, Los Angeles, CA, USA. The University of Queensland, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK. University of Bonn, Department of Neurology, Molecular Cell Biology Unit, Bonn, Germany. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM & CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain. St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Department of Pathology, Memphis, TN, USA. Chang Gung University College of Medicine and Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Taoyuan City, Taiwan; National Health Research Institutes, Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, Zhunan, Taiwan. China Pharmaceutical University, School of Life Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China. University of California Los Angeles, School of Dentistry, Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA. Department of Bioinformatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China. University of Michigan, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong Univeristy, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China. Texas A&M College of Dentistry, Department of Endodontics, Dallas, TX, USA. Third Military Medical University of China, Xinqiao Hospital, Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Chongqing, China. Soochow University, Center for Circadian Clocks; School of Biology & Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China. CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), Zhongguancun, Beijing, China. China Agricultural University, College of Biological Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology and MOA Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, Beijing, China. Soochow University, Hematology Center of Cyrus Tang Hematology Institute, School of Medicine, Suzhou, China. China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Artemisinin Research Center and the Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing, China. Shanxi Agricultural University, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Ecological Animal Science and Environmental Veterinary Medicine, Taigu, Shanxi, China. Sichuan University, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Chengdu, China. The Chinese University of Hong Kong, School of Public Health and Primary Care, Hong Kong, China. Fourth Military Medical University, College of Stomatology, Department of Oral Anatomy and Physiology and TMD, Xi'an, China. The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China. Huazhong Agricultural University, College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Wuhan, China. National University of Singapore, Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Singapore. Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Center for Immunology and Inflammation, Manhasset, NY, USA. University of Kentucky, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Lexington, KY, USA. Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Department of Neurology, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China. Cleveland Clinic, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine/Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA. Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Department of Molecular & Cellular Endocrinology; City of Hope Medical Center, Beckman Research Institute, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA. Xuzhou Medical University, Department of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China. Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, Palo Alto, CA, USA. University of South Dakota, Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Vermillion, SD, USA. Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA. Kaohsiung Medical University, School of Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. University of Southampton, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, Biological Sciences, and the Institute for Life Sciences, Southampton, UK. German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany; Max-Planck-Institute for Metabolism Research, Hamburg Outstation, Hamburg, Germany; Shanghai Qiangrui Biotech Co., Ltd., Fengxian District, Shanghai, China. Nanjing Agricultural University, College of Horticulture, Weigang NO. , Nanjing, China. Saint Louis University, Department of Biology, Saint Louis, MO, USA. Air Force Medical University, Xijing Hospital and School of Basic Medicine, Department of Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Xi'an, China. Affiliated Union Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China. Wenzhou Medical University, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou, China. Queen Mary University, Blizard Institute, Flow Cytometry Core Facility, London, UK. Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Metabolism & Endocrinology, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan. Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Department of General Medical Science, Chiba, Japan. University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Division of Pulmonary Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati, OH, USA. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA. University of Pennsylvania, Department of Anesthesiology, Philadelphia, PA, USA. Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China. Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, St. Louis, MO, USA. University of Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Section Pharmacology and Toxicology, Bonn, Germany. University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry (IFMPEGKC), Aachen, Germany. Univ of Pittsburgh and Pittsburgh VA HealthSystem, Department of Pathology, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. Georg August University Göttingen, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Department of Genetics of Eukaryotic Microorganisms, Göttingen, Germany. Harvard Medical School and Brigham & Women's Hospital, Precision Neurology Program & APDA Center for Advanced Parkinson Research, Boston, MA, USA. University of Nottingham, School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK. Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA. Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, Tytgat Institute for Intestinal Research, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, UK. University of Edinburgh, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Scotland, UK. Queensland University of Technology, Centre for Tropical Crops and Biocommodities, Science and Engineering Faculty, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. Royal Holloway University of London, Centre for Biomedical Sciences, Egham, Surrey, UK. National Institutes of Health, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA. University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Department of Plant Pathology, Lincoln, NE, USA. Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department of Stem Cell Biology, Erlangen, Germany. University of Toronto, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Immunology, Toronto, ON, Canada. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weill Cornell Medicine, York Avenue, Box , New York, NY, United States. MFP CNRS UMR , University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France. Institut Pasteur, Membrane Biochemistry and Transport, Paris, France. National University of Singapore, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Singapore; National University Health System, Centre for Healthy Longevity, Singapore. School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China. Kanazawa University, WPI-Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-nanoLSI), Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan. University of Zurich, Institute of Experimental Immunology, Switzerland, Zurich. Southwest Medical University, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangyang District, Luzhou, China. University of California San Diego, Department of Neurosciences, La Jolla, CA, USA. University of Maryland School of Medicine, Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR), Departments of Anesthesiology, Anatomy & Neurobiology, Baltimore, MD, USA. NHRI, Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, Zhunan, Taiwan. University of North Dakota, Biology School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, USA. Soochow University, Department of Pathogenic Biology, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China. First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China. Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Department of Endocrinology, Hangzhou, China. University of Kansas, Department of Molecular Biosciences, and University of Kansas Medical School, University of Kansas Cancer Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, Lawrence, KS, USA. Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Department of Toxicology of School of Public Health, and Department of Gynecologic Oncology of Women's Hospital, Hangzhou,China. The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Department of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, MA, USA. Zhejiang University, Department of Biochemistry in School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China. Shenzhen University, College of Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China. The University of Hong Kong, Department of Anesthesiology, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, China. Wuhan University, Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan, China. Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Department of Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai, China. Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, University Hospital Erlangen, Department of Molecular Neurology, Erlangen Germany. Research Department, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore. Southern University of Science and Technology, Department of Biology, Shenzhen, China. Sichuan University, West China Hospital, Centre of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Chengdu, China. University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, School of Medicine, Chengdu, China; Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Department of Pharmacy, Chengdu, Sichuan, China. Wenzhou Medical University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou, China. Queensland University of Technology, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. Sun Yat-sen University, School of Life Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangzhou, China. South China Agricultural University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China. Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Chongqing, China. University of Alabama at Birmingham, Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, USA. Georgia State University, The Center for Molecular and Translation Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA. Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens (BRFAA), Center of Clinical, Experimental Surgery, & Translational Research, Athens, Greece. Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, and Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai, China. Institute of Neurosciences and Department of Neurology of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China. Jinan University, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangzhou, China. Yangzhou University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Province, China. Kyoto Institute of Technology, Department of Applied Biology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan. Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, Hypertension & Nephrology, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, Japan. Columbia University, Department of Neurology, and Pathology and Cell Biology, New York, NY, USA. Juntendo University School of Medicine, Department of Gastroenterology, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan. Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA. National Cheng Kung University, College of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Tainan City, Taiwan. University of Virginia, Departments of Medicine, Pharmacology, Molecular Physiology & Biological Physics, Center for Skeletal Muscle Research at Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA. Asahikawa Medical University, Department of Ophthalmology, Hokkaido, Japan. Hong Kong Baptist University, Mr. and Mrs. Ko Chi Ming Centre for Parkinson's Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong, China. Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Center for Dementia Research, Orangeburg, NY; New York University Langone Health, Department of Psychiatry, New York, NY, USA. University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Surgery, Madison, WI, USA. Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment & Tumor, Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Shanghai, China. Capital Medical University, School of Basic Medical Sceinces, Department of Neurobiology, Beijing, China. University of Kentucky, Department of Cancer Biology & Toxicology, Lexington, KY, USA. University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Birmingham, AL, USA. University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Iowa City, IA, USA. The Fourth Military Medical University, Xijing Hospital, Department of Orthopaedics, Xi'an, China. Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Cancer Research Center, Jinan, Shandong Province, China. Taipei Medical University, College of Medical Science and Technology, Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, Taipei, Taiwan. The Fourth Military Medical University, Tangdu Hospital, Department of Experimental Surgery, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China. Chung Shan Medical University, Institute of Medicine, Taichung, Taiwan. Jiangsu University, School of Medicine, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China. Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Comparative Medicine and Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, New Haven, CT, USA. Jinan University, Medical College, Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Division of Histology and Embryology, Guangzhou, China. Hangzhou Normal University, School of Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China. University of Southeast, School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing, JiangSu, China. University of Melbourne, Bio Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. Chinese University of Hong Kong, School of Biomedical Sciences, Hong Kong, China. Fourth Medical Center of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Trauma Research Center, Beijing, China. Duke-NUS Medical School, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Singapore, Singapore. Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, and Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou, China. Shandong Agricultural University, College of Plant Protection, Shandong, China. Zhejiang University, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou, China. Soochow University, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China. The University of British Columbia, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Vancouver, BC, Canada. Dong-A University College of Medicine, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Busan, Korea. The Jikei University School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan. ETH Zürich, Institute of Biochemistry, Zürich, Switzerland. Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine Research Center, Tabriz, Iran. Hwa Chong Institution, Singapore, Singapore. Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China. Temple University, Center for Metabolic Disease Research and Department of Physiology, Philadelphia, PA, USA. The Chinese University of Hong Kong, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Hong Kong, China. Tsinghua University, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing, China. Hepatobiliary Section, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, and Hepatitis Research Center, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. University of Toronto, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Air Force Medical University, Xijing Hospital, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Xi'an, China. Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. Central South University, The Second Xiang-Ya Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Changsha, Hunan, China. Kaohsiung Medical University, Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, China. Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China. City University of Hong Kong, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Hong Kong, China. Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, New York, NY, USA. Graduate School of Dong-A University, College of Medicine, Department of Translational Biomedical Sciences, Busan, Korea. Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Barcelona, España. Laboratory of Pain and Signaling, Butantan Institute, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil; Stanford University, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. University of Brescia, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Brescia, Italy. University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Surgery, Dallas, TX, USA. Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK; University of Glasgow, Institute of Cancer Sciences, Glasgow, UK. University of California, Davis, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA. Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Tabriz, Iran. University Monastir, Faculty of Medicine, LRES, Lab-NAFS 'Nutrition - Functional Food & Vascular Health', Monastir, Tunisia. University of Virginia, Department of Neuroscience, Charlottesville, VA, USA. Boston University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston, MA, USA. University of Arizona, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Tucson, AZ, USA. Peking University First Hospital, Renal Division, Xi Cheng District, Beijing, China. Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Beijing, China. Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Hangzhou, China. University of Science & Technology of China, School of Life Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, China. Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Piscataway, NJ, USA. Thomas Jefferson University/Vickie & Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Hospital for Neuroscience, Philadelphia, PA, USA. Soochow University, Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China. People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Department of Oncology, Hangzhou, China; Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Clinical Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China. University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Pathology, Birmingham, AL, USA. School of Radiation Medicine and Protection and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, China. The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics and Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Hong Kong, China. Huazhong Agricultural University, School of Veterinary Medicine/ Biomedical Center, Hongshan, Wuhan, China. Henan University of Technology, College of Bioengineering, Zhengzhou, China. University of Utah, Huntsman Cancer Institute and Department of Oncological Sciences, Salt Lake City, UT, USA. The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), McGovern Medical School, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Programs in Human and Molecular Genetics and Neuroscience of the MD Anderson UTHealth GSBS, Houston, TX, USA. Wake Forest Baptist Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Cancer Biology, Winston-Salem, NC, USA. The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Department of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China. College of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China. University of Newcastle, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, NSW, Australia. University of Houston, College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacological & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA. University of Maryland, Molecular Virology Laboratory, VA-MD College of Veterinary Medicine, College Park, MD, USA. East China Normal University, Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China. Nanjing Agricultural University, College of Plant Protection, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing, China. Department of Physiology, Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA. Rutgers University, Department of Surgery, New Brunswick, NJ, USA. Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China. Central China Normal University, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China. Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing, China. Shandong University, School of Life Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, Qingdao, China. Peking University Health Sciences Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Beijing, China. Zhejiang University, the First Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China. Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. University of Sydney, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Sydney NSW, Australia. Shenzhen University, Health Science Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China. Wuhan University, Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China. University of Calgary, Cumming School of Medicine, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Departments of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Physiology & Pharmacology, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Children's Hospital Medical Center, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati, OH, USA. China Pharmaceutical University, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China. Karolinska Institutet Division of Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden; Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Basic Medicine, Moscow, Russia. Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Pathophysiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM), Shanghai, China. Southwest Medical University, Department of Medical Cellular Biology, Luzhou, Sichuan, China. Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Medicine, Diabetes Unit and Center for Genomic Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Department of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA. Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Beijing, China. Third Military Medical University, College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing, China. Huazhong Agricultural University, College of Veterinary Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Wuhan, China. Zhejiang University, Department of Horticulture, Hangzhou, China. Guangxi Medical University, School of Preclinical Medicine, Department of Physiology, Nanning,China. Zhejiang University, MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China. The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Department of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China. Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangzhou, China. Queensland University of Technology, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Brisbane, QLD, Australia. Texas A&M University, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Houston, TX, USA. Soochow University, Laboratory Animal Center, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China. Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Department of Environmental Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China. University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Buffalo, NY, USA. Zhengzhou University, Third Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Neuroscience, Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury, Zhengzhou, China; Gothenburg University, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Gothenburg, Sweden. Nanjing Medical University, Department of Physiology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China. University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Lexington, KY, USA. Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Bio-X Institutes, Shanghai, China. The Ohio State University, Department of Surgery, Columbus, OH, USA. Shenzhen University Medical School, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shenzhen, China. State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Science, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China. University California, San Diego, Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Molecular Biology, CA, USA. University Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg-University, Institute for Virology, Mainz, Germany. University of Padova, Biology Department, Padova, Italy. Rutgers University, Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Piscataway, NJ, USA. Moscow State University, A.N.Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Department of Functional Biochemistry of Biopolymers, Moscow, Russia. University of Michigan, Departments of Surgery and Pathology, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China. The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain Institute, Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Brisbane, Australia. University of Innsbruck, Division of Cell Metabolism and Differentiation Research, Research Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, Innsbruck, Austria. Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indianapolis, IN, USA. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Uppsala, Sweden. Southern Medical University, Shenzhen Hospital, Department of Pathology, Bao'an District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China. Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Molecular Biology and Lung Cancer Program, Albuquerque, NM, USA. Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Medical Hospital, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan. Huazhong University of Science and Technology, School of Basic Medicine, Wuhan, HuBei, China. Maastricht University Medical Center, School for Cardiovascular disease (CARIM), Department of Pathology, Maastricht, The Netherlands; University of Edinburgh, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Edinburgh, UK. Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Hong Kong Baptist University, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong, China.

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