Global, Regional, and National Cancer Incidence, Mortality, Years of Life Lost, Years Lived With Disability, and Disability-Adjusted Life-Years for 29 Cancer Groups, 1990 to 2017: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study.

Journal: JAMA oncology

Volume: 5

Issue: 12

Year of Publication: 2021

Affiliated Institutions:  Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle. Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia. Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran. Iranian Center of Neurological Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Department of Neurology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt. Department of Oncology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran. Department of Epidemiology, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran. Public Health Research Center, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Clinical Pharmacy Unit, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia. Department of Healthcare Policy and Research, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Doha, Qatar. Department of Sociology, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago Iwoye, Nigeria. Social Behavioral Research Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland. Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran. Department of Health, Directorate for Health Information and Research, Pieta, Malta. Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India. Knowledge Utilization Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. Department of Epidemiology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia. Cancer Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina. John T. Milliken Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, Missouri. Department of Family and Community Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia. Evidence-Based Practice Research Center, Mayo Clinic Foundation for Medical Education and Research, Rochester, Minnesota. School of Health Sciences, Madda Walabu University, Bale Goba, Ethiopia. Department of Health Sciences, Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia. Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia. Department of Health Care Management and Economics, Urmia University of Medical Science, Urmia, Iran. Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Department of Health Policy and Management, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait. Department of Social Medicine, Behbahan Faculty of Medical Sciences, Behbahan, Iran. Department of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, Bochum, Germany. College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates. Research Group in Health Economics, Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia. Department of Urology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Department of Health Services Management, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran. Department of Internal Medicine, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana. Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt. Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran. Research Center for Evidence Based Medicine, Health Management and Safety Promotion Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. School of Public Health, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia. Department of Sociology and Social Work, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana. Department of Healthcare Management, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. School of Health Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, England, United Kingdom. School of Nursing and Midwifery, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran. Institute of Biomedical Science, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia. Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia. Education Development Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. College of Nursing, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia. Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia. University Institute of Public Health, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan. School of Business, University of Leicester, Leicester, England, United Kingdom. Center for Health Systems Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico. Bénin Clinical Research Institute, Abomey-Calavi, Benin. Department of Nursing, Wolaita Sodo University, Sodo, Ethiopia. The Judith Lumley Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Department of Family and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana. Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada. Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. School of Health Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan. Public Health Risk Sciences Division, Public Health Agency of Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Department of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran. Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece. Department of Medical Microbiology, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia. School of Nursing and Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany. Doctor Evidence, Santa Monica, California. Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran. Department of Pharmacoepidemiology and Social Pharmacy, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia. Department of Pharmacy, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia. Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle. Dental Institute, King's College London, London, England, United Kingdom. Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania. Department of Global Pediatric Medicine, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee. Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, Kalyani, India. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran. National Centre for Epidemiology & Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia. The UCL Centre for Global Health Economics, University College London, London, England, United Kingdom. School of Pharmacy, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia. Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway. Department of Radiation Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland. Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia. School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Science, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia. Department of Clinical and Molecular Biomedicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy. Department of Oncology, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy. Ministry of Public Health, Beirut, Lebanon. Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany. Department of Dermatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota. Biomedical Technologies, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Moscow, Russia. Department of Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia. Public Health Department, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil. School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Institute for Cancer Research, Prevention and Clinical Network, Florence, Italy. Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal. Department of Epidemiology, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto, Porto, Portugal. Department of Research and Health Technology Assessment, Gorgas Memorial Institute for Health Studies, Panama City, Panama. National School of Public Health, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain. Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia. Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Department of Surgical Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, People's College of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Bhopal, India. Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran. Clinical Governance, Gold Coast Health, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia. Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, The University of Texas, Houston. Institute of Industrial Ecological Science, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan. Departments ofBiochemistry and Biomedical Science, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea. Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, India. Faculty of Biology, Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi, Vietnam. Department of Dermatology, nd Clinic of Dermatology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania. UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal. Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Italy. Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle. Department of Epidemiology, A. C. Camargo Cancer Center, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Department of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia. Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio. Pediatric Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt. Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran. Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (iS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal. Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia. Nursing Department, Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia. School of Pharmacy, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia. Center for Nutrition and Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico. Department of Immunology, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran. Department of Preventive Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Division of Cardiology, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia. School of Nutrition, Food Science and Technology, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia. Department of Midwifery, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia. Disha Foundation, Gurgaon, India. Health Research Section, Nepal Health Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacán Rosales, Mexico. Research and Technology, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran. Department of Population and Health, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana. Department of Clinical Surgery, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom. United Nations World Food Programme, New Delhi, India. Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia. College of Health Sciences, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia. Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia. Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt. Department of Clinical Pathology, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt. Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. Department of Statistics, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia. Department of Community Medicine, Tripoli University, Tripoli, Libya. Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle. Endemic Medicine and Hepatogastroenterology Department, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt. Ophthalmic Epidemiology Research Center, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran. Department of Midwifery, Wolkite University, Wolkite, Ethiopia. Public Health Department, St Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Center of Communicable Disease Control, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran. Department of Non-communicable Diseases, Ministry of Public Health, Dubai, United Arab Emirates. Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran. Department of Community Nutrition, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy. Department of Public Health Nutrition, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia. Requimte/LAQV, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal. Department of Health Education and Behavioral Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia. Department of Psychiatry, Kaiser Permanente, Fontana, California. School of Public Health Medicine, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany. James Cancer Hospital, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. Abadan School of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran. Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal. Gene Expression and Regulation Program, Cancer Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle. Department of Environmental Health Science, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy. Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Fez, University Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah, Fez, Morocco. Department of Nursing, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia. Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia. School of Pharmacy, Ambo University, Ambo, Ethiopia. Department of Biostatistics, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia. Medical Surgical Department, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. Department of Health Services Management, School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Physiology Department, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Unit of Academic Primary Care, University of Warwick, Coventry, England, United Kingdom. Department of Public Health Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa. Department of Nursing, A.C.S. Medical College and Hospital, Aksum, Ethiopia. Department of Surgery, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil. Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City. Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Section, Cancer Prevention and Research Institute, Florence, Italy. Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil. School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Public Health, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil. School of Dentistry, State University of Montes Claros, Montes Claros, Brazil. Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts. West Virginia Bureau for Public Health, Charleston. University of Tampere, UKK Institute, Tampere, Finland. Department of Pharmacology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Department of Family and Community Medicine, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain. School of Health and Environmental Studies, Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates. Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network, Madrid, Spain. School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. Department of Microbiology, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran. Public Health Department, Mizan-Tepi University, Teppi, Ethiopia. International Foundation for Dermatology, London, England, United Kingdom. Mizan-Tepi University, Teppi, Ethiopia. Department of Statistics and Econometrics, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania. Department of Epidemiology, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia. Center of Excellence in Behavioral Medicine, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. The University of Texas at Austin, Austin. Transdisciplinary Centre for Qualitative Methods, Manipal University, Manipal, India. Department of Pulmonology, Yokohama City University, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Japan. Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Department of Computer Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Department of General Surgery, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania. Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania. Division of Information and Computing Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar. Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia. Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, National Institute for Health Development, Tallinn, Estonia. Department of Surgery, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital, Sokoto, Nigeria. Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia. Surveillance and Health Services Research, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, Georgia. Department of Psychosis, Babol Noshirvani University of Technology, Babol, Iran. ,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. Health Education and Health Promotion Department, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. Faculty of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran. School of Public Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Medical Sciences Department, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia. Newcastle University, Tyne, United Kingdom. Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond. Department of Public Health, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea. Faculty of Nursing & Midwifery, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran. Department of Community Medicine, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India. Department of Ophthalmology, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany. School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Health Services Management Training Centre, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary. School of Health Sciences, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India. Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia. Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Department of Biology, Morgan State University, Baltimore, Maryland. Institute for Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany. Immunogenetics Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran. Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran. Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Addis Ababa University, Dessie, Ethiopia. School of Health Care Administration, Oklahoma State University, Tulsa. ODeL Campus, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya. Department of Dermatology, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia. Department of Public Health, Madda Walabu University, Goba, Ethiopia. Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Ramtha, Jordan. Epidemiology and Biostatistics Department, Health Services Academy, Islamabad, Pakistan. Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates. Division of Health Policy and Management, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea. Faculty of Health and Wellbeing, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, United Kingdom. Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology Department, National Hepatology and Tropical Research Institute, Cairo, Egypt. Department of Public Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran. Department of Epidemiology, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran. Department of Public Health, Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Student Research Committee, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Department of Nutrition and Health Science, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana. Department of Public Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran. Department of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts. School of Medicine, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia. Department of Health Management and Health Economics, Kristiania University College, Oslo, Norway. Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway. Department of Health Economics and Social Security, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland. Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran. Networking Center for Mental Health Network, San Juan de Dios Sanitary Park, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain. Department of Public Health, Yüksek Ihtisas University, Ankara, Turkey. Department of Medicine Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts. Clinical Medicine and Community Health, A.C.S. Medical College and Hospital, Milan, Italy. Department of Internal Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia. Department of Community and Family Medicine, Academy of Medical Science, Baghdad, Iraq. Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland. Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Father Muller Medical College, Mangalore, India. Institute of Clinical Physiology, Italian National Research Council, Pisa, Italy. Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain. Asbestos Diseases Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Department of Public Health, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia. Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China. Department of Dentistry, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands. Department of General Surgery, Aintree University Hospital National Health Service Foundation Trust, Liverpool, England, United Kingdom. Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia. Proteomics and Metabolomics Unit, Suez Canal University, Cairo, Egypt. Department of Cardiology, Damietta University, Damietta, Egypt. Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, England, United Kingdom. Department of Environmental Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Department of Plastic Surgery, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Department of Ophthalmology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Department of Health Education and Promotion, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza, Italy. School of Nursing and Midwifery, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran. Department of Epidemiology, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia. School of Public Health, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana. Department of Ophthalmology, Hywel Dda University Health Board, Carmarthen, Wales, United Kingdom. Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, England, United Kingdom. Department of Nursing, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia. Department of Preventive Oncology, National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida, India. Department of Internal Medicine, SevenHills Hospital, Mumbai, India. Institute for Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany. Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia. Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia. Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia. Department of Public Health, University of West Florida, Pensacola, Florida. Peru Country Office, United Nations Population Fund, Lima, Peru. Forensic Medicine Division, Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia. Breast Surgery Unit, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland. Clinical Microbiology and Parasitology Unit, Dr. Zora Profozic Polyclinic, Zagreb, Croatia. Center for Innovation in Medical Education, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland. Department of Hypertension, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland. Department of Epidemiology, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia. Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Calverton, Maryland. Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran. Department of Medical Immunology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Department of Oral Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle. Institute of Public Health, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany. Department of Biology, Salahaddin University, Erbil, Iraq. Department of Internal Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Department of Information Technology, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq. Department of Neurology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran. Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran. Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran. Department of Nursing, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran. Department of Public Health, Samara University, Samera, Ethiopia. Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit, Burlo Garofolo Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Trieste, Italy. Health Sciences Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran. Department of Molecular Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran. Department of Economics and Management Sciences for Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. Hospital de Santo António, Hospital Center of Porto, Porto, Portugal. Department of Social Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Japan. Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle. Department of Health Management and Economics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt. School of Paramedical Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran. Department of Research and Analytics, Initiative for Financing Health and Human Development, Chennai, India. Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany. Cancer Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. O'NealComprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran. Department of Dermatology, San Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy. Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea. Department of Public Health, School of Public Health, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran. Department of Pediatrics, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran. Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland. Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington. Department of Histopathology, University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital, Maiduguri, Nigeria. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Embu, Embu, Kenya. Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Hanoi, Vietnam. Tabriz Health Services Management Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. Department of Public Health Sciences, State University of Semarang, Semarang, Indonesia. Cochrane South Africa, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa. Department of Health Economics, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran. Department of Anesthesia, Wolaita Sodo University, Sodo, Ethiopia. Centre of Cardiovascular Research and Education in Therapeutics, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia. Department of Preventive Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Dongdaemun-gu, South Korea. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. Department of Health Promotion and Education, Faculty of Public Health, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria. Department of Anatomic Pathology, Ekiti State University, Ado- Ekiti, Nigeria. Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria. Department of Community Health, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India. Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle. Department of Global Health Nursing, St. Luke's International University, Chuo-ku, Japan. Analytical Center, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia. Institute for Advanced Medical Research and Training, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria. Department of TB & Respiratory Medicine, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara University, Mysore, India. Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Manipal University, Mangaluru, India. Department of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Department of Public Health, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran. Department of Medical Humanities and Social Medicine, Kosin University, Busan, South Korea. Environmental Health Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran. Department of Medicine, Maimonides Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York. Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences, Deemed University, Karad, India. ReferenceCenter for Epidemiology and Cancer Prevention, CPO Piedmont, Torino, Italy. Basic Medical Sciences Department, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa. Departments of Parasitology and Entomology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran. University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands. Department of Public Health, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran. Department of Nephrology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India. Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran. Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran. A.T. Still University, Mesa, Arizona. Department of Immunology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran. Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. Austin Health Clinical School of Nursing, La Trobe University, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia. Department of Health Education and Promotion, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran. Department of Public Health, Contech School of Public Health, Lahore, Pakistan. Department of Radiation Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India. WHO Collaborating Centre for Public Health Education and Training, Imperial College London, London, England, United Kingdom. School of Social Sciences and Psychology, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia. Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Epidemiology Research Unit, Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal. Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal. Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran. Clinical Operations, Doctor Evidence, Santa Monica, California. Department of Epidemiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Medical Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. Managerial Epidemiology Research Center, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran. Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. A.C.S. Medical College and Hospital, Tehran, Iran. Taleghani Hospital, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran. Department of Urology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt. Public Health and Community Medicine Department, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt. Center for Health Policy and Center for Primary Care and Outcomes Research, Stanford University, Stanford, California. Department of Entomology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt. Department of Surgery, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia. School of Public Health and Health Management, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia. Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle. Colorectal Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Surgery Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar. UGC Centre of Advanced Study in Psychology, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, India. GSK Biologicals, Wavre, Belgium. Department of Public Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte. Education Development Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran. School of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Ararangua, Brazil. Department of Medical Statistics, Epidemiology and Medical Informatics, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia. Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran. Center of Expertise in Microbiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Department of Health Promotion and Education, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran. Department of Health Policy, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Independent consultant, Karachi, Pakistan. Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran. Chronic Diseases (Home Care) Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran. Department of Molecular Hepatology, Middle East Liver Disease Center, Tehran, Iran. Razi Herbal Medicines Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran. Department of Basic Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Sari, Iran. Department of Ophthalmology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran. HIV/STI Surveillance Research Center, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran. University School of Management and Entrepreneurship, Delhi Technological University, New Delhi, India. Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom. Symbiosis Institute of Health Sciences, Symbiosis International University, Pune, Maharashtra, India. School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Imam Ali Cardiovascular Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran. School of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil. University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil. Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia. Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham. Medical Department, German Leprosy and TB Relief Association, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Department of Internal Medicine and Specialties, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon. Social Development and Health Promotion Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran. Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain. Department of Occupational Therapy, Athens University of Applied Sciences, Athens, Greece. Department of Community Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria. Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain. Cancer Control Center, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan. Jordan University of Science and Technology, Ramtha, Jordan. Department of Public Health, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran. Department of Public Health, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia. Department of Public Health, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia. Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark. Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland. Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil. Department of Health Economics, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam. Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand. Gomal Center of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan. Division of Health Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, England, United Kingdom. Department of General Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, Catania, Italy. Women's Reproductive Health Research Center, A.C.S. Medical College and Hospital, Tabriz, Iran. Department for International Development, Health Network of Cuba, Havana, Cuba. Psychosocial Injuries Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran. Department of Neurology & Stroke Unit, Sant'Anna Hospital, Como, Italy. Department of Health Care Administration and Economy, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia. Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland. Department of Pathology, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda. Department of Public Health, Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia. Foundation University Medical College, Foundation University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan. Department of Psychology and Counselling, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Department of Nursing, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia. Department of Neonatal and Pediatric Health Nursing, Bahir Dar University, Bahirdar, Ethiopia. Department of Population Studies, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India. Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Department of Medical Physics, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran. Department of Health Management, Policy, and Economics, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran. Wolkite University, Wolkite, Ethiopia. School of Allied Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan. Health Economics & Finance, Global Health, Jackson State University, Jackson, Mississippi. Physiology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China. Department of Electrical Engineering, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Epidemiology and Cancer Registry Sector, Institute of Oncology, Ljubljana, Slovenia. Department of Epidemiology, University Hospital of Setif, Setif, Algeria. Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Science, Ardabil, Iran. Department of Parasitology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran. Department of Midwifery, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia. Health Promotion Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.

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