Mapping age- and sex-specific HIV prevalence in adults in sub-Saharan Africa, 2000-2018.

Journal: BMC medicine

Volume: 20

Issue: 1

Year of Publication: 2022

Affiliated Institutions:  Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. ehaeuser@uw.edu. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. Advanced Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Department of Botany, Sree Narayana Guru College Chelannur, Kozhikode, India. Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran. College of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria. Department of Population Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK. Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada. Department of Community Medicine, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan. The Australian Centre for Public and Population Health Research (ACPPHR), University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia. School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK. Department of Epidemiology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia. Department of Medical Physiology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia. Institute for Advanced Medical Research and Training, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria. Department of Public Health, The Intercountry Centre for Oral Health (ICOH) for Africa, Jos, Nigeria. Mayo Evidence-based Practice Center, Mayo Clinic Foundation for Medical Education and Research, Rochester, MN, USA. Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia. Health Information Management and Technology Department, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia. Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia. Institute of Health Research, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana. Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Department of Epidemiology, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran. Research Group in Hospital Management and Health Policies, Universidad de la Costa (University of the Coast), Barranquilla, Colombia. Department of Health Services Management, Khomein University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran. Department of Maternal and Child Wellbeing, African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya. Pharmacy Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania. Department of Parasitology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran. Department of Sociology and Social Work, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana. Department of Public Health, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK. School of Public Health, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia. Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. Department of Surgery, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The Judith Lumley Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. Department of Health Policy Planning and Management, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana. Department of Nursing, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia. Hospital Management Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Department of Reproductive Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia. Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India. Discipline of Public Health Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa. Unit of Biochemistry, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin (Sultan Zainal Abidin University), Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia. Department of Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland. Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany. Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA. Department of Social and Clinical Pharmacy, Charles University, Hradec Kralova, Czech Republic. Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India. Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India. Department of Statistical and Computational Genomics, National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, Kalyani, India. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran. Nutrition Department, St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Department of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran. Department of Internal Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India. WHO Collaborating Centre for HIV Strategic Information, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia. School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada. Department of Health Care, Metropolitan Autonomous University, Mexico City, Mexico. Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences (UCIBIO), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal. Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India. Department of Community Medicine, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Sawangi, India. James P Grant School of Public Health, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Center for Biomedicine and Community Health, VNU-International School, Hanoi, Vietnam. Department of Psychology, University of the Free State, Park West, South Africa. Environmental Health Department, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia. IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi (Galeazzi Orthopedic Institute IRCCS), University of Milan, Milan, Italy. Department of Population and Health, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana. Department of Information Technology, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq. Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal. Australian Institute for Suicide Research and Prevention, Griffith University, Mount Gravatt, QLD, Australia. Wellcome Trust Brighton and Sussex Centre for Global Health Research, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK. National Centre for AIDS and STD Control, Save the Children, Kathmandu, Nepal. Department of Epidemiology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands. Center of Complexity Sciences, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico. Department of Community Medicine and Public Health, Urmia University of Medical Science, Urmia, Iran. Development of Research and Technology Center, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran. Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia. School of Public Health, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia. Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health Department, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt. Department of Neurology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt. Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Faculty of Health, York University, Toronto, BC, Canada. Institute for Health Science Research Germans Trias i Pujol, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Badalona, Spain. Department of Virology, Pasteur Institute of Morocco, Casablanca, Morocco. Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran. Torrens University Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia. Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal. Psychiatry Department, Kaiser Permanente, Fontana, CA, USA. Institute of Public Health, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Charité Medical University Berlin), Berlin, Germany. Institute of Gerontology, National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine. Department of Medical Parasitology, Abadan University of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran. Department of Dermatology, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan. Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA. Department of Community Medicine, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Wardha, India. Department of Nursing and Midwifery, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Department of Public Health, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia. Infectious Disease Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran. School of Public Health, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran. Health Systems and Policy Research, Indian Institute of Public Health, Gandhinagar, India. Department of Family and Community Medicine, University Of Sulaimani, Sulaimani, Iraq. Department of Microbiology, Saint James School of Medicine, The Valley, Anguilla. Faculty of Nursing, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil. Department of Health Policy and Management, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA. Department of Pharmacology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. School of Health and Environmental Studies, Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates. Department of Public Health, Jigjiga University, Jijiga, Ethiopia. Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran. School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan. Department of Statistics and Econometrics, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania. Department of Urban Planning and Design, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam. Department of Occupational Safety and Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan. Department of Health Promotion and Education, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria. Department of Community Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria. Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia. Department of Epidemiology, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia. Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. School of Health Systems and Public Health, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa. Institute of Advanced Manufacturing Technologies, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, Russia. Department of Community Medicine, Dr. Baba Saheb Ambedkar Medical College & Hospital, Delhi, India. Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China. Department of Community Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India. National Institute of Epidemiology, Indian Council of Medical Research, Chennai, India. Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Opole, Opole, Poland. School of Management and Medical Informatics, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. Institute for Prevention of Non-communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran. Department of Biostatistics, Abadan University of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran. Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. International Research Center of Excellence, Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria. Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Health Services Academy, Islamabad, Pakistan. Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates. Department of Population Science, Jatiya Kabi Kazi Nazrul Islam University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh. Faculty of Health and Wellbeing, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK. Department of Public Health, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA. School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia. School of Health Sciences, Kristiania University College, Oslo, Norway. Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway. School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada. Independent Consultant, Jakarta, Indonesia. Kasturba Medical College, Udupi, India. Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CIBERSAM), San Juan de Dios Sanitary Park, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain. Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India. Department of Demography, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada. University of Environment and Sustainable Development, Somanya, Ghana. Department of Psychiatry, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya. Imperial College Business School, Imperial College London, London, UK. Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy. Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India. Unit of Genetics and Public Health, Institute of Medical Sciences, Las Tablas, Panama. Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Father Muller Medical College, Mangalore, India. Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK. School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Department of Pediatrics, Montefiore Medical Center, New York, NY, USA. Campus Caucaia, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Ceará, Caucaia, Brazil. Peru Country Office, United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), Lima, Peru. Forensic Medicine Division, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia. Department of Reproductive Health and Population Studies, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia. Breast Surgery Unit, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland. Clinical Microbiology and Parasitology Unit, Dr. Zora Profozic Polyclinic, Zagreb, Croatia. Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. Internal Medicine Department, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran. Department of Nursing, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, USA. Health Systems and Policy Research Unit, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria. Computer, Electrical, and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China. Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia. College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adeaide, SA, Australia. Research and Analytics Department, Initiative for Financing Health and Human Development, Chennai, India. Laboratory of Public Health Indicators Analysis and Health Digitalization, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia. Department of Biotechnology, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan. Department of Pediatrics, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran. Department of Disease Control and Environmental Health, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda. Department of General Surgery, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania. Ministry of Health, Community Development, Gender, Elderly and Children, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Department of Public Health, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Embu, Embu, Kenya. Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Hanoi, Vietnam. South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa. Centre for Heart Rhythm Disorders, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia. Unit of Microbiology and Public Health, Institute of Medical Sciences, Las Tablas, Panama. Department of Pediatrics, National Hospital, Abuja, Nigeria. Administrative and Economic Sciences Department, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania. Department of Community Health and Primary Care, University of Lagos, Idi Araba, Nigeria. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada. Community Prevention and Care Services, National AIDS Control Committee, Abuja, Nigeria. Centre for Healthy Start Initiative, Lagos, Nigeria. Diplomacy and Public Relations Department, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq. Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria. University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria. Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara Academy of Health Education and Research, Mysore, India. Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India. Research Department, Nepal Health Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal. Saveetha Medical College and Hospitals, Saveetha University, Chennai, India. Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Department of Pediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. Department of Genetics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA. School of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY, USA. University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands. National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Bucuresti, Romania. School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia. College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA. Department of Immunology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran. Metabolomics and Genomics Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Future Technology Research Center, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Yunlin, Taiwan. Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada. Research Department, Policy Research Institute, Kathmandu, Nepal. Department of Oral Pathology, Sharavathi Dental College and Hospital, Shimogga, India. WHO Collaborating Centre for Public Health Education and Training, Imperial College London, London, UK. Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK. Department of Computer Science, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia. Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Faculty of Business and Management, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin (Sultan Zainal Abidin University), Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia. Epidemiology Research Unit (EPIUnit), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal. African Genome Center, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UMP), Ben Guerir, Morocco. Malaria Atlas Project, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Australia. Department of Internal Medicine, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana. Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India. Department of Public Health, Madda Walabu University, Bale Robe, Ethiopia. Public Health and Community Medicine Department, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt. Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. Department of Entomology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt. Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. Geriatric and Long Term Care Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar. Public Health Division, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine. Independent Consultant, Karachi, Pakistan. Faculty of Caring Science, Work Life, and Social Welfare, University of Borås, Borås, Sweden. College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea. Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA. School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA. Department No., Moscow Research and Practical Centre on Addictions, Moscow, Russia. Department of Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia. Department of Community Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria. Cancer Control Center, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan. Department of Biomedical Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia. University Institute "Egas Moniz", Monte da Caparica, Portugal. School of Public Health, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia. Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil. College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia. Department of Community Medicine, Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital Abakaliki, Abakaliki, Nigeria. Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India. Clinical Research Department, IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Milan, Italy. Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy. Faculty of Information Technology, HUTECH University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Center of Excellence in Behavioral Medicine, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Population Dynamics and Sexual and Reproductive Health, African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya. Foundation University Medical College, Foundation University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan. Department of Cultures, Societies and Global Studies, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA. School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College London, London, UK. Centre for Health Policy Research, Torrens University Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia. Department of community Medicine, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka. Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. School of International Development and Global Studies, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada. Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan. Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China. School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.

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