A comprehensive health effects assessment of the use of sanitizers and disinfectants during COVID-19 pandemic: a global survey.
Journal: Environmental science and pollution research international
Volume: 30
Issue: 28
Year of Publication: 2023
Affiliated Institutions: Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA. Department of Medicine, O.O. Bogomolets National Medical University, Kyiv, Ukraine. Center for Public Health, Department for Environmental Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse , , Vienna, Austria. Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran. Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, College of Health and Medical Technology Shekhan, Duhok Polytechnic University, Duhok, Kurdistan Region, Iraq. Family and Community Medicine Department, College of Medicine, University of Wasit, Kut, Wasit, Iraq. Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Public Health, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia. Department of Medical-Surgical Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey. Midwifery Department, Üsküdar Universty, Istanbul, Turkey. Department of Health Administration, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Yonseidae-Gicl, Wonju, Gangwon-do, , South Korea. Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Yerevan State Medical University, Yerevan, Armenia. Department of Urban Planning and Design, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. Division of Epidemiology, Public Health Center of Valencia, Valencia, Spain. Department of Clinical Laboratory and Food Safety, Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania. Department of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain. School of Social Sciences, Hellenic Open University, Patras, Greece. Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana. Department of Medical Laboratory Science, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana. Department of Nursing, School of Nursing & Midwifery, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. General and Toxicological Chemistry Department, Azerbaijan Medical University, Baku, Azerbaijan. Institute of Sociology, University of Education Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany. Department of Health Policy, School of Public Health, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulan Bator, Mongolia. Public Health Management Program, Faculty of Graduate Studies, An-Najah University, Nablus, State of Palestine. Nursing Department Limassol, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus. Faculty of Public Health, Medical University Varna, Marin Drinov Street, , Varna, Bulgaria. Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health, Medical University of Varna, Varna, Bulgaria. Internal Medicine N, Kharkiv National Medical University, Kharkiv, Ukraine. Reproductive Health Nursing (Gynecology and Obstetrics Nursing), Faculty of Nursing, Assiut University, Asyut, Egypt. CIHLMU Center for International Health, University Hospital, LMU, Munich, Germany. Technical School of Health, Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, MG, Brazil. National School of Applied Sciences of Al Hoceima, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tetouan, Morocco. Venezuelan and Latin American Association of Clinical Nanomedicine, Caracas, Venezuela. Department of Health Care, Faculty of Public Health, The University of Vlore "Ismail Qemali", Vlore, Albania. Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus. Department of Community Medicine, SVIMS, Sri Padamavathi Medical College, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India. Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy. Department of Social Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University Business Academy in Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia. Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Desarrollo, Concepción, Chile. Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa. Department of Occupational Medicine and Ergonomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia. West Department, Quisqueya University, Port-au-Prince, Haiti. Public Health Nursing Department, Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey. Department of Public Health and Nutrition, Al Ain University, Abu Dahbi, United Arab Emirates. Department of Genetic Engineering, The Biotechnology Research Center, Tripoli, Libya. Department of Occupational and Environmental Health (OEH), NIPSOM, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Adult Nursing Department, College of Nursing, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq. Department of Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology, Bukovinian State Medical University, Chernivtsi, Ukraine. Clinical Sciences Department, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. School of Medicine and Health Science, Simad University, Mogadishu, Somalia. Environmental Epidemiology Group, UK Health Security Agency, Chilton, Oxon, UK. Maharajgunj Nursing Campus, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal. Department of Infectious Diseases, Centro Médico ABC, Mexico City, Mexico. Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey. Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulan Bator, Mongolia. Department of Natural Resources and Environment, College of Graduate Studies, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain. Community and Mental Health Department, Al al-Bayt University, Mafraq, Jordan. University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia. Microbiology Research Institute, National Autonomous University of Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras. Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Republic, Montevideo, Uruguay. Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru. EPIUnit-Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal. Moscow State Medical University, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia. Public Health Faculty, Environmental Health and Occupational Health and Savety Departement, University of Jember, Jember, Indonesia. Faculty of Public and Environmental Health, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan. Sahiwal Medical College, University of Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan. Department of Health Education, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan. Medical College, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. Department of Public Health, NCJSC "Semey Medical University", Semey, Kazakhstan. Environment and Health Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium. Department of Public Health and Social Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland. Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia. Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria. Ministry of Foreign Affairs and East African Cooperation, Dodoma, Tanzania. Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, Al Sham Private University, Latakia, Syria. Department of Population Health and Social Sciences, Kazakhstan's Medical University School of Public Health, Almaty, Kazakhstan. Biotechnology Center, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon. Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada. Family Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Egypt. Community Health Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Cairo-University, Cairo, Egypt. Faculty of Medicine, Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las Américas, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. Department of Human Pathology, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia. Faculty of Health Sciences, Kristianstad University, Kristianstad, Sweden. College of Nursing, University of Al-Muthanna, Samawah, Iraq. Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medical Technology, Zawia University, Zawia, Libya. Department of Korean Language and Literature, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Gangwon-do, South Korea. Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan. Institute of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka. Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia. College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA. Department of Medicine of the Future, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia. Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar. Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland. Institute of Public Health, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulan Bator, Mongolia. Department of Medicine, University of Mauritius, Moka, Mauritius. Conseils Etudes Enquêtes Recherches Formation en Epidémiologie (CEERFE), Niamey, Niger. S. Tentishev Asian Medical Institute, Kant, Kyrgyzstan. Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya. Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan. School of Public Health, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica. Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Asmara, Asmara, Eritrea. Department of Internal Medicine and Specialties, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Yaounde General Hospital, Yaounde, Cameroon. Faculty of Health Sciences, Jan Długosz University of Humanities and Life Sciences, Czestochowa, Poland. Department of Environmental and Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia. T Malaya Therapy National Institute, National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Kharkiv, Ukraine. Cairo University Hospitals, Cairo, Egypt. Department of Medical Education, College of Medicine, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Iraq. Department of Clinical Microbiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine "Pedro Kouri", Havana, Cuba. Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. Microbiology Department, College of Medicine, University of Diyala, Diyala, Iraq. Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Mexico City, Mexico. Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia. Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, University of Technology, Kingston, Jamaica. Medical Governance Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan. University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. Singidunum University, Belgrade, Serbia. Family Medicine Department, Medical School, University of Tuzla, Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Clinical Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey. Department of Health Sciences, Zayed University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran. Peadiatric's Infectious diseases, Hospital of Canastel and Faculty of Medicine, Oran, Algeria. Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. College of Nursing, University of Sulaimani, Kurdistan, Sulaimani, Iraq. Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Damascus University, Damascus, Syria. Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar. Department of Public Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar. Environmental Health, Rusangu University, Monze, Zambia. Research Center for Health Sciences, Institute of Health, Shiraz, Iran. mohhoseini@sums.ac.ir.
Abstract summary
COVID-19 has affected all aspects of human life so far. From the outset of the pandemic, preventing the spread of COVID-19 through the observance of health protocols, especially the use of sanitizers and disinfectants was given more attention. Despite the effectiveness of disinfection chemicals in controlling and preventing COVID-19, there are critical concerns about their adverse effects on human health. This study aims to assess the health effects of sanitizers and disinfectants on a global scale. A total of 91,056 participants from 154 countries participated in this cross-sectional study. Information on the use of sanitizers and disinfectants and health was collected using an electronic questionnaire, which was translated into 26 languages via web-based platforms. The findings of this study suggest that detergents, alcohol-based substances, and chlorinated compounds emerged as the most prevalent chemical agents compared to other sanitizers and disinfectants examined. Most frequently reported health issues include skin effects and respiratory effects. The Chi-square test showed a significant association between chlorinated compounds (sodium hypochlorite and per-chlorine) with all possible health effects under investigation (p-value <0.001). Examination of risk factors based on multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that alcohols and alcohols-based materials were associated with skin effects (OR, 1.98; 95%CI, 1.87-2.09), per-chlorine was associated with eye effects (OR, 1.83; 95%CI, 1.74-1.93), and highly likely with itching and throat irritation (OR, 2.00; 95%CI, 1.90-2.11). Furthermore, formaldehyde was associated with a higher prevalence of neurological effects (OR, 2.17; 95%CI, 1.92-2.44). Furthermore, formaldehyde was associated with a higher prevalence of neurological effects (OR, 2.17; 95%CI, 1.92-2.44). The use of sodium hypochlorite and per-chlorine also had a high chance of having respiratory effects. The findings of the current study suggest that health authorities need to implement more awareness programs about the side effects of using sanitizers and disinfectants during viral epidemics especially when they are used or overused.Authors & Co-authors: Hashemi Hoepner Hamidinejad Haluza Afrashteh Abbasi Omeragić Imamović Rasheed Taher Kurniasari Wazqar Apalı Yildirim Zhao Kalikyan Guo Valbuena Mititelu Pando Saridi Toska Cuba Kwadzokpui Tadele Nasibova Harsch Munkh-Erdene Menawi Evangelou Dimova Marinov Dimitrova Shalimova Fouly Suraya da Silva Faquim Oumayma Annunziato Lalo Papastavrou Ade Caminada Stojkov Narvaez Mudau Rassas Michel Kaynar Iqbal Elshwekh Hossain Al-Fayyadh Sydorchuk Alnusairat Abdullahi Iqbal Pandey Gómez-Gómez Akyildiz Morosan Dwarica Dorj Hasan Al-Shdayfat Knezevic Valladares Severi Fuentes Augusto Sidorova Moelyaningrum Alawad Khalid Elehamer Mihaylova Tsigengagel Menouni Wojtecka Hod Idayat Othman Harfouch Paunov Omar Benderli Nurika Amjad Elnoamany Elesrigy Shaban Acevedo-López Kartashova Khalaf Jaafar Kadhim Hweissa Teng Mohammed Sasikumar Hikaambo Kharat Lyamtseva Aldeeb Pawlas Khorolsuren Koonjul Maïnassara Chahal Wangeci Kumar Zamora-Corrales Gracy Mahamat Adamczyk Rahman Matiashova Elsherif Alkhateeb Aleaga Bahrami Al-Salihy Cabrera-Galeana Lalic-Popovic Brown-Myrie Bhandari Mayaboti Stanišić Pestic Bektay Al Sabbah Hashemi Assia Merritt Ramzi Baboolal Isstaif Shami Saad Nyirongo Hoseini
Study Outcome
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Statistics
Citations : Afolabi AA, Ilesanmi OS (2021) Dealing with vaccine hesitancy in Africa: the prospective COVID-19 vaccine context. Pan Afr Med J:38. 10.11604/pamj.2021.38.3.27401Authors : 141
Identifiers
Doi : 10.1007/s11356-023-27197-6SSN : 1614-7499