Body appreciation around the world: Measurement invariance of the Body Appreciation Scale-2 (BAS-2) across 65 nations, 40 languages, gender identities, and age.

Journal: Body image

Volume: 46

Issue: 

Year of Publication: 2023

Affiliated Institutions:  School of Psychology and Sport Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Centre for Psychological Medicine, Perdana University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Electronic address: viren.swami@aru.ac.uk. Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria. Department of Psychology and Psychodynamics, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems an der Donau, Austria. Institute of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia. Department of Psychology, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkiye. Department of Psychology and Behavioural Studies, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria. Department of Art Studies, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran. Department of Psychology, University of Chittagong, Chattogram, Bangladesh. Department of Psychoeducation and Psychology, Université du Québec en Outaouais, Saint-Jérôme, Canada. INSPECT-LB: National Institute of Public Health, Clinical Epidemiology, and Toxicology, Beirut, Lebanon; School of Pharmacy, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon. Department of Management, Ahmed Bin Mohammad Military College, Doha, Qatar. Faculty of Psychology, Panteion University of Social and Political Sciences, Athens, Greece. Royal College of Surgeons Ireland-Bahrain, Adliya, Bahrain. Department of Midwifery, Faculty of Health Sciences, Munzur University, Tunceli, Turkiya. Department of Oral Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Vision College of Dentistry and Nursing, Vision Colleges, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Regional Amazónica Ikiam, Muyuna, Ecuador. Federal Institute of Education, Science, and Technology of Southeast Minas Gerais, Barbacena, Brazil. Department of Psychology, Universitas Islam Indonesia, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Department of Psychology, Aberystwyth University, Ceredigion, United Kingdom. Department of Psychology, Neapolis University Pafos, Paphos, Cyprus. Department of Psychology, De La Salle University, Phillippines. Department of General Studies, The Polytechnic, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Psychology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria. Health Research and Innovation Science Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, Klaipeda University, Klaipeda, Lithuania. Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, Charles University, Prague, Czechia. Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy. School of Social Sciences, Heriot-Watt University Malaysia, Putrajaya, Malaysia. School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom. Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland. Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Istanbul Gedik University, Istanbul, Turkiye. Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia. ÉCOBES-Research and Transfer, Cégep de Jonquière, Québec, Canada. Colegio de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito, Ecuador. Department of Physical Education and Lifelong Sports, Poznań University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland. Institute of Social Sciences of the Centre of Social and Psychological Sciences, Košice, Slovakia; Faculty of Humanities and Natural Sciences, Institute of Pedagogy, Andragogy, and Psychology, University of Prešov, Prešov, Slovakia. Department of Sports, Physical Education and Outdoor Studies, University of South-Eastern Norway, Bø, Telemark, Norway. Department of Parks, Recreation and Tourism Management, Clemson University, Clemson, United States of America. Institute of Psychology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland. Laboratory of Social Psychology, Aix-Marseille University, Aix-en-Provence, France. Department of Midwifery, Faculty of Health Sciences, Bartın University, Bartın, Turkiye. CentroSan Isidoro University Center, Seville, Spain. Department of Psychology, University of Malta, Msida, Malta. Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy. Faculty of Psychology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand. Department of Psychology, Faculty of Liberal Arts, Thammasat University, Pathumthani, Thailand. School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia. Lab of Light and Physio-Psychological Health, National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectrics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China. Department of Psychology, Graduate School of Arts and Science, New York University, New York, United States of America. Department of Psychology, Soochow University, Taipei, Taiwan. Department of Educational Psychology and Guidance, Faculty of Education, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham, Thailand. School of Psychology, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Penalolen, Chile; Comenzar de Nuevo Treatment Center, Monterrey, Mexico. School of Applied Psychology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland. Faculty of Psychology and Education, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia. Human Flourishing Program, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States of America. Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Obesity and Metabolic Bone Diseases, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland. Graduate Program in Food, Nutrition, and Food Engineering, São Paulo State University, São Paulo, Brazil. Department of Addiction, School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health (Tehran Institute of Psychiatry), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Department of Psychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands. Teacher Education and Learning Leadership Academic Unit, Faculty of Education. The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. Body Image and Eating Disorders Research Group, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil; Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. Faculty of Medicine, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia. Central Department of Psychology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal. Department of Psychology, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Caserta, Italy. Department of Health Management and Healthcare Economics, Faculty of Public Health, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Canada. School of Health, University of the Sunshine Coast, Moreton Bay, Australia. Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil Bochum, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany. Institute of Advanced Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, China. Department of Hygiene, Faculty of Public Health, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon. Department of Psychology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, Iași, Romania. Department of Psychology, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkiye. Department of Textile and Fashion Design, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran. Department of Psychology, Saint Mary's University, Halifax, Canada. Discipline of Marketing, J.E. Cairnes School of Business & Economics, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland. Crean College of Health and Behavioral Sciences, Chapman University, Orange, United States of America. Department of Leadership and Organizational Behaviour, Norwegian Business School, Oslo, Norway. Department of Education, University of Almería, Almería, Spain. School of Behavioral Sciences, The Academic College of Tel Aviv-Yaffo, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel. Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Unità Operativa Complessa (UOC) Hospital Psychology, Padova University Hospital, Padova, Italy. Department of Social Sciences, Payam Noor University, Tehran, Iran. Faculty of Psychology, Pontifical University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain. School of Psychology and Sport Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom. Institute of Psychology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia. Doctoral School of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary. School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, Jounieh, Lebanon; Applied Science Research Center, Applied Science Private University, Amman , Jordan. Faculty of Public Health, Al-Quds University, East Jerusalem, Palestine. School of Behavioral Sciences, The Academic College of Tel Aviv-Yaffo, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel; Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America. Department of Psychology, University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom. Department of Kinesiology and Health Science, Utah State University, Logan, UnitedStates of America. Department of Psychology, Faculty of Human Science, University of Maragheh, Maragheh, Iran. Department of Psychology, College of Education, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman; Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, Menoufia University, Shebin el Kom, Egypt. Hertfordshire Business School, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, United Kingdom. Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom. Department of Consumer Behavior, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland. Department of Sociology and Social Justice, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria. Centre for Research in Eating and Weight Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom. Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Palermo, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Department of Psychology, National Chung Cheng University, Chia Yi, Taiwan. Colegio de Comunicación y Artes Contemporáneas, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito, Ecuador. Department of Psychology, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia. Faculty of Organizational Sciences, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia. Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia. Department of Psychology, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; Department of Nutrition, University of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil. Faculty of Life Sciences, Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany. Sakarya Business School, Sakarya University, Sakarya, Turkiye. Faculty of Health Professions, Al-Quds University, East Jerusalem, Palestine. Asian Studies Department, Faculty of International Studies, Prince of Songkla University Phuket Campus, Phuket, Thailand. School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia. Department of Psychology, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, India. Institute of Anton Martin Slomsek, Primary School Montessori, Maribor, Slovenia. Department of Sociology and Social Work, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Department of General Education Disciplines, Astana IT University, Astana, Kazakhstan. Exercise and Sport Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia. Biostatics and Research Methods Unit, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia. Oral Diagnostics and Surgical Sciences, UWA Dental School, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia. Department of Psychology, D.A.V. College, Muzaffarnagar, India. Department of Psychology, Kashi Naresh Government Post-Graduate College, Gyanpur, India. Department of Psychology, Middlesex University Dubai, Dubai, United Arab Emirates. Department of Counselling Psychology and Social Welfare, Handong Global University, Pohang, South Korea. Institute of Psychology, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland. Faculty of Social and Humanities, University WSB Merito, Gdansk, Poland. Faculty of Health Care, University of Miskolc, Miskolc, Hungary. Department of Psychoeducation and Psychology, Université du Québec en Outaouais, Saint-Jérôme, Canada; Cyberpsychology Laboratory, Department of Psychoeducation and Psychology, Université du Québec en Outaouais (UQO), Saint-Jérôme, Canada. Department of Psychology, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan. Department of Psychology, D.A.V. College, Muzaffarnagar, India; M.M.D. Public School, Brahmpuri, Muzaffarnagar, India. Department of Research Methods and Diagnosis in Education, University of València, València, Spain. Faculty of Legal and Social Sciences, Simón Bolívar University, Barranquilla, Colombia; Life Science Research Centre, Simón Bolívar University, Barranquilla, Colombia. Department of Work and Social Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands. Department of Education, Languages, Intercultures, Literatures, and Psychology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy. Department of Psychology, Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla, Colombia. Faculty of Medicine of Monastir, Eya Medical Centre, Monastir, Tunisia. Department of Family and Community Medicine, School of Community Medicine, University of Oklahoma, Tulsa, United States of America. Institute of Psychology, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary. Department of Health Sciences, DePaul University, Chicago, United States of America. Department of Psychology, School of Health Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland. Institute of Pedagogy, University of Bielsko-Biala, Bielsko-Biala, Poland. Department of Psychology, Virginia Wesleyan University, Virginia Beach, United States of America. Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan. Department of Restorative and Prosthetic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Dar Al Uloom University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Department of Psychology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal. Research Center in Business Sciences and Tourism of Consuelo Vieira da Costa Foundation (CICET-FCVC), Porto, Portugal. Division of Research, Physical Education College of the Brazilian Army, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Physical Education Unit, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. Department of Physiology, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Puducherry, India. Social and Education Sciences Department, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Jbeil, Lebanon. Institute of Social Sciences, Universidad de O'Higgins, Rancagua, Chile. Department of General Studies, The Polytechnic, Ibadan, Nigeria. Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Andrology, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt. Department of Management, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway. Santa Lucia Foundation, Scientific Institute for Research and Healthcare, Rome, Italy. Department of Psychology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea. Environment and Sustainability Research Initiative, Khulna, Bangladesh; Environmental Science Discipline, Life Science School, Khulna University, Khulna, Bangladesh. Department of Managerial Psychology, The University of Presov, Presov, Slovakia. Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria. Systems Engineering and Engineering Management, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States of America. Slovene Centre for Suicide Research, Andrej Marusic Institute, University of Primorska, Koper, Slovenia; Department of Psychology FAMNIT, University of Primorska, Koper, Slovenia. Department of Environmental Ecology and Landscape Management, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia; Institute of Zoology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia. School of Social Work, University of Missouri, Columbia, United States of America. Institute of Psychology, Marie Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland. Institute of Psychology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia; Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland. Department of Counseling, School, and Educational Psychology, Graduate School of Education, University at Buffalo-SUNY, Buffalo, United States of America. Arabic Program Department, Modern College of Business and Science, Muscat, Oman. Department of Psychology, University of Zadar, Zadar, Croatia. KOSHISH-National Mental Health Self-Help Organization, Kusunti, Lalitpur, Nepal. Department of Health, Physical Education and Recreation, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana. Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Human Evolution and Archaeological Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria. Department of Consumer Behavior, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany. School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia. Department of Psychology, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Eskişehir, Turkiye. Department of Psychology, Islamic Azad University, Bandar Gaz, Iran. Department of Psychology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Department of Business Administration, Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland. Faculty of Social Sciences, Vidzeme University of Applied Sciences, Valmiera, Latvia. Department of Medical Psychology and Psychosomatics, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia. Regional Department for Eating Disorders, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway. Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand. International Centre for Psychological Counselling and Social Research, Puducherry, India. School of Psychology and Sport Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Centre for Psychological Medicine, Perdana University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Department of Psychology, University of the Andes, Bogotá, Colombia. Department of Psychology, West University of Timişoara, Timişoara, Romania. Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, United States of America. Department of General Education Disciplines, Astana IT University, Astana, Kazakhstan. Department of Clinical Psychology, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates. Faculty of Education, Psychology, and Art, University of Latvia, Rīga, Latvia. Vice-rectory for Teaching, Research, and Extension, Universida Latina de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica. Department of Psychology, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand. School of Psychology, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Semenyih, Malaysia. Department of Psychology, Lingnan University, Hong Kong, China. Department of Undergraduate Studies, Temple University, Japan Campus, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Psychology, Lingnan University, Hong Kong, China; Wofoo Joseph Lee Consulting and Counselling Psychology Research Centre, Lingnan University, Hong Kong, China. Department of Physical Education, São Judas Tadeu University, São Paulo, Brazil. Department of Environmental Ecology and Landscape Management, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia.

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