Training During the COVID-19 Lockdown: Knowledge, Beliefs, and Practices of 12,526 Athletes from 142 Countries and Six Continents.
Journal: Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.)
Volume: 52
Issue: 4
Year of Publication: 2022
Affiliated Institutions:
Sports Performance Division, Institut Sukan Negara Malaysia (National Sports Institute of Malaysia), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. jad@isn.gov.my.
Aspetar, Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Doha, Qatar.
Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Collaboration on Health & Safety in Sports, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine (NCSEM), Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK.
School of Nursing and Health Studies, The Open University of Hong Kong, Ho Man Tin, Hong Kong.
Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Basque Country, Spain.
Department of Human Sciences, Society and Health, University of Cassino and Lazio Meridionale, Cassino, Italy.
Physical Education Department, College of Education, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.
Medical Committee of Tehran Football Association, Tehran, Iran.
Emergency Medicine Department, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Alkhoudh, Oman.
Department of Exercise Science, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan.
World Innovation Summit for Health (WISH), Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar.
Physical Activity, Sport & Health Research Unit (URJS), National Sport Observatory, Tunis, Tunisia.
Institute of Sport Sciences, Otto-Von-Guericke University, , Magdeburg, Germany.
Physical Culture, Sports and Recreation, College Universi, Pristina, Kosovo.
Sport Science and Sport Medicine, Singapore Sport Institute, Sport Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
Division of Health, Engineering, Computing and Science, Te Huataki Waiora School of Health, University of Waikato, Tauranga, New Zealand.
Division of Medicine, Training and Health, Institute of Sport Science and Motology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
Applied Motion Department, Institute of Sport Research, Sports University of Tirana, Tirana, Albania.
Physiotherapy Department, Minerva Punjab Academy and Football Club, Mohali, Punjab, India.
Department of Orthopedics, Nyangabgwe Hospital, Francistown, Botswana.
Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.
INISA, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil.
Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (LIAM), Department of Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, ON, MJ P, Canada.
Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Oeiras, Portugal.
Facultad de Ciencias del Deporte, Universidad de Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain.
Tunisian Research Laboratory, Sport Performance Optimisation, National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports (CNMSS), Tunis, Tunisia.
Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada.
Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University of Craiova, Craiova, Romania.
Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
Right to Dream Academy, Old Akrade, Ghana.
Sport Science and Research Department, Centre Orthopédique Santy, FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Lyon, France.
Department of Sports Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
Interdisciplinary Laboratory in Neurosciences, Physiology and Psychology: Physical Activity, Health and Learning (LINP), UFR STAPS, UPL, Paris Nanterre University, Nanterre, France.
Al Hilal Football Club, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Paris Saint Germain FC, Paris, France.
Health and Physical Education Department, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, La Crosse, WI, USA.
Sport Department, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Research in Education, EA , University of New Caledonia, Avenue James Cook, , Nouméa, New Caledonia.
Sport and Exercise Science, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
School of Human Science (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.
School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, McAuley at Banyo, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
Interdisciplinary Laboratory in Neurosciences, Physiology and Psychology: Physical Activity, Health and Learning (LINP), UPL, UFR STAPS, Paris Nanterre University, Nanterre, France.
Sports Medicine Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
School of Health Sciences, Kristiania University College, Oslo, Norway.
Department of Economic-Administrative Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Occidente, Los Mochis, Sinaloa, México.
Department of Sport Science and Health, Universidad Santo Tomás, Santiago, Chile.
Laboratoire ACTES, UFR-STAPS, Université Des Antilles, Pointe à Pitre, France.
School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Hamilton, UK.
Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Biology of Physical Activity, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.
Sports Performance Division, Institut Sukan Negara Malaysia (National Sports Institute of Malaysia), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Section Sports Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
High Performance Director, Sports Authority of India, Bangalore, India.
SEHA, Singapore, Singapore.
Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
Department of Sport Science, Tunku Abdul Rahman University College, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Sport Science Department, Fulham Football Club, Fulham, London, UK.
Centre for Trust, Peace and Social Relation, Coventry University, Coventry, UK.
Antlers Sports Clinic, Kashima, Ibaraki, Japan.
Faculty of Physical Education, University of Tetovo, Tetovo, North Macedonia.
Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
Department of Human Kinetics and Health Education, Kogi State University, Anyigba, Nigeria.
Ho Chi Minh City University of Sport, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam.
School of Health and Caring Sciences, University of West Attica, Attica, Greece.
University Claude Bernard Lyon , Lyon, France.
Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, Australia.
Sports Medicine, Australian Institute of Sport, Bruce, ACT, Australia.
Health, Economy, Motricity and Education (HEME) Research Group, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain.
Health and Sport Science Department, Educational Faculty, Mahasarakham University, Mahasarakham, Thailand.
Medical Department, All Nepal Football Association (ANFA), Lalitpur, Nepal.
Department of Exercise Physiology, College of Sport Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.
Faculty of Sport Science, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Semarang, Indonesia.
Krannert School of Physical Therapy, University of Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
Bashundhara Kings, Nilphamari, Bangladesh.
Miskawaan Health Group, Bangkok, Thailand.
Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway.
High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia.
Sports Clinic, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, Clinique d'Eich, Luxembourg, Luxembourg.
Research Institute for Olympic Sports, Jyvaskyla, Finland.
Institute for Sports Science, CAU of Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
Department of Physiology and Lung Function Testing, Faculty of Medicine of Sousse, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia.
FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence Algiers, Algiers, Algeria.
Jozef Pilsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
Centre for Elite Sports Research, Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian, University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
Laboratoire de Recherche "Insuffisance Cardiaque" (LRSP), Hôpital Farhat HACHED, Université de Sousse, Sousse, Tunisie.
Abstract summary
Our objective was to explore the training-related knowledge, beliefs, and practices of athletes and the influence of lockdowns in response to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).Athletes (n = 12,526, comprising 13% world class, 21% international, 36% national, 24% state, and 6% recreational) completed an online survey that was available from 17 May to 5 July 2020 and explored their training behaviors (training knowledge, beliefs/attitudes, and practices), including specific questions on their training intensity, frequency, and session duration before and during lockdown (March-June 2020).Overall, 85% of athletes wanted to "maintain training," and 79% disagreed with the statement that it is "okay to not train during lockdown," with a greater prevalence for both in higher-level athletes. In total, 60% of athletes considered "coaching by correspondence (remote coaching)" to be sufficient (highest amongst world-class athletes). During lockdown, < 40% were able to maintain sport-specific training (e.g., long endurance [39%], interval training [35%], weightlifting [33%], plyometric exercise [30%]) at pre-lockdown levels (higher among world-class, international, and national athletes), with most (83%) training for "general fitness and health maintenance" during lockdown. Athletes trained alone (80%) and focused on bodyweight (65%) and cardiovascular (59%) exercise/training during lockdown. Compared with before lockdown, most athletes reported reduced training frequency (from between five and seven sessions per week to four or fewer), shorter training sessions (from ≥ 60 to < 60 min), and lower sport-specific intensity (~ 38% reduction), irrespective of athlete classification.COVID-19-related lockdowns saw marked reductions in athletic training specificity, intensity, frequency, and duration, with notable within-sample differences (by athlete classification). Higher classification athletes had the strongest desire to "maintain" training and the greatest opposition to "not training" during lockdowns. These higher classification athletes retained training specificity to a greater degree than others, probably because of preferential access to limited training resources. More higher classification athletes considered "coaching by correspondence" as sufficient than did lower classification athletes. These lockdown-mediated changes in training were not conducive to maintenance or progression of athletes' physical capacities and were also likely detrimental to athletes' mental health. These data can be used by policy makers, athletes, and their multidisciplinary teams to modulate their practice, with a degree of individualization, in the current and continued pandemic-related scenario. Furthermore, the data may drive training-related educational resources for athletes and their multidisciplinary teams. Such upskilling would provide athletes with evidence to inform their training modifications in response to germane situations (e.g., COVID related, injury, and illness).
Authors & Co-authors:
Washif
Farooq
Krug
Pyne
Verhagen
Taylor
Wong
Mujika
Cortis
Haddad
Ahmadian
Al Jufaili
Al-Horani
Al-Mohannadi
Aloui
Ammar
Arifi
Aziz
Batuev
Beaven
Beneke
Bici
Bishnoi
Bogwasi
Bok
Boukhris
Boullosa
Bragazzi
Brito
Cartagena
Chaouachi
Cheung
Chtourou
Cosma
Debevec
DeLang
Dellal
Dönmez
Driss
Peña Duque
Eirale
Elloumi
Foster
Franchini
Fusco
Galy
Gastin
Gill
Girard
Gregov
Halson
Hammouda
Hanzlíková
Hassanmirzaei
Haugen
Hébert-Losier
Muñoz Helú
Herrera-Valenzuela
Hettinga
Holtzhausen
Hue
Dello Iacono
Ihalainen
James
Janse van Rensburg
Joseph
Kamoun
Khaled
Khalladi
Kim
Kok
MacMillan
Mataruna-Dos-Santos
Matsunaga
Memishi
Millet
Moussa-Chamari
Musa
Nguyen
Nikolaidis
Owen
Padulo
Pagaduan
Perera
Pérez-Gómez
Pillay
Popa
Pudasaini
Rabbani
Rahayu
Romdhani
Salamh
Sarkar
Schillinger
Seiler
Setyawati
Shrestha
Suraya
Tabben
Trabelsi
Urhausen
Valtonen
Weber
Whiteley
Zrane
Zerguini
Zmijewski
Sandbakk
Ben Saad
Chamari
Study Outcome
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